<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ACROG</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Asian Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2328-0492</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/acrog.2013.13004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ACROG-12359</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>ACROG20130300000_96947646.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>医药卫生</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  全子宫切除术后膀胱阴道瘘修补术一例及文献回顾
  Surgical Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistula in a Patient with Previous Hysterectomy and Review
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>陆</surname><given-names>继红</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>上海市浦东新区公利医院，上海</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>lujihong158@sina.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>01</volume><issue>03</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>Jul.</day>	<month>12th,</month>	<year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>July</day>	<month>23rd,</month>	<year>2013</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>Aug.</day>	<month>29th,</month>	<year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   膀胱阴道瘘是在妇科盆腔手术或产伤后发生的一种泌尿系并发症，因其以阴道不可控制的持续漏尿为主要症状，严重影响患者的生活质量。现就本院收治的腹腔镜下全子宫切除后并发膀胱阴道瘘1例进行回顾分析，深入探讨此病的病因、诊断、治疗和从中吸取的经验教训。 Vesicovaginal fistula is a urinary complication occurred after gynecologic pelvic surgery or birth trauma. For its uncontrollable leakage, it has influence on patient’s quality of life seriously; and the clinical treatment is very difficult. Now in our hospital, 1 case was complicated with vesicovaginal fistula after laparoscopic hysterectomy so that we analyzed and learned from the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and lessons.  
    
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>膀胱阴道瘘；全子宫切除术, Vesicovaginal Fistula; Hysterectomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. 引言</title><p>膀胱阴道瘘的发生多与医源性膀胱损伤有关，其中尤以子宫切除术最为常见，因其发现时机较晚，临床处理非常棘手，一般均需行手术治疗。本院于2011年发生腹腔镜下全子宫切除术后并发膀胱阴道瘘1例，现将其诊治过程进行回顾分析并复习相关文献。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. 病例资料</title><p>患者，48岁，孕2产2。因“子宫肌瘤、子宫肌腺病、盆腔子宫内膜异位症”于2011年8月12日在我院进行腹腔镜辅助下全子宫切除术，手术顺利，术后恢复良好5天出院，术后16天起出现阴道流液，量逐渐增多，再次入院查体发现阴道前壁正中距残端1 cm处见1 &#215; 1.5 cm苍白坏死区并见色清液体流出。诊断考虑为“膀胱阴道瘘”，予留置导尿，局部阴道壁雌激素软膏应用及头孢曲松抗感染治疗，3周后复查见瘘道表面已大部分被新鲜肉芽组织覆盖，予探针检查发现仍有一小瘘道未愈合，予小刮匙搔刮使其形成糙面促进瘘管愈合，阴道填塞碘仿纱条。行膀胱镜检查：双侧输尿管开口可见，并见尿液喷出，膀胱内未见赘生物及异物，左侧输尿管开口内上方约2 cm处见膀胱瘘口。因患者强烈要求及早手术，经讨论后，决定于全子宫切除术后2月在全麻下经阴道行膀胱阴道瘘修补术，具体方法为：距瘘孔边缘1 cm，环形切开阴道粘膜。剥离瘘孔周围粘膜至瘘缘切除，将阴道前后壁对合间断缝合，再加固一层缝合。术后以头孢哌酮舒巴坦抗感染治疗，术后第三天导尿管内突现大量血尿，保守药物治疗无效，阴道内缝合部位水肿明显，故决定经腹行膀胱切开止血 + 造瘘术。术中见膀胱内瘘道修补切口活动性渗血，予缝合止血并持续耻骨联合上造瘘引流尿液，术后12天拔除膀胱造瘘管，一月后拔除留置尿管，患者解尿正常。</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. 讨论</title><sec id="s3_1"><title>3.1. 病因</title><p>发生膀胱阴道瘘主要有四大诱因：分娩损伤；妇科或泌尿外科手术损伤；盆腔恶性肿瘤侵犯膀胱或阴道；盆腔肿瘤术后放疗引起。其中以因子宫切除术造成的损伤最为常见，发生率约为1/1800，Hilton P<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref1">1</xref>]</sup>报道2000年至2008年间英格兰343,771例子宫切除术患者中有1/788的患者术后发生膀胱阴道瘘或尿道阴道瘘，而同期因子宫颈癌行根治术患者中，更有1/87患者术后发生上述两种并发症。该例损伤原因估计是在分离宫颈膀胱过程中损伤膀胱壁，遇出血时电凝止血，当遇此处膀胱壁薄弱区时，易受热损伤，术后组织坏死、脱落形成瘘。</p><p>但也有部分医生认为该手术由一位无腹腔镜手术经验的进修医生操作并使用了设计上有一定缺陷的金属举宫器，或许也是造成该例膀胱阴道瘘的另一原因，虽然文献上从未提到这样的说法。</p></sec><sec id="s3_2"><title>3.2. 诊断</title><p>患者多有手术创伤病史，术后阴道不自主流液，通过阴道检查、膀胱镜检查可以帮助发现膀胱阴道间瘘口，进行修补术前应明确瘘道确切位置、大小及局部疤痕情况，鉴别诊断时应排除输尿管阴道瘘、尿道阴道瘘和尿失禁三种情况。</p></sec><sec id="s3_3"><title>3.3. 治疗</title><p>治疗上有保守和手术两种方案，Wild TT<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref2">2</xref>]</sup>报道一例宫颈LEEP锥切术后发生膀胱阴道瘘患者，在等待手术修复期间保守治疗成功。手术方法有经阴道闭合术(经典的Latzko术式)、经开腹手术完成、或经腹腔镜修补膀胱阴道瘘等方式。Meraz Avila D<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref3">3</xref>]</sup>认为&lt;2 cm的瘘道第一选择手术方式是行Latzko术式，Liao CY<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref4">4</xref>]</sup>等也认为经阴道的Latzko术式是安全有效的首选术式。各种修补方法的原则相同，充分暴露瘘管，切除瘘道周围纤维化和瘢痕组织，将膀胱和阴道侧周围的新鲜组织无张力缝合，期间衬以网膜组织等，充分引流膀胱。经腹术式的主要缺点是需要开腹、切开膀胱、术后恢复时间长。经腹腔镜又细分为经腹腔和经膀胱的腹腔镜两种途径，Tsai<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref5">5</xref>]</sup>等率先通过经膀胱腹腔镜镜技术完成1例膀胱阴道瘘修补术，Trocar的放置与膀胱穿刺造瘘相似，此项手术特点视野清晰，便于缝合。国内刘士军<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref6">6</xref>]</sup>等较早报道成功开展膀胱内腹腔镜膀胱阴道瘘修补术。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. 吸取的经验和教训</title><p>充分评估瘘道是治疗成功的关键。分析瘘管形成的病因，瘘道的大小、位置，是否系首次或再次修复、病人对疾病的正确认识以及心理耐受程度，个性化选择修补手术时间，手术医师的技能等都是治疗成功的要素。综合分析本例患者：首先，腹腔镜辅助下全子宫切除术中如发现膀胱壁相对薄弱又有出血时，最好不要电凝止血而采用缝合止血；手术结束后从膀胱注入亚甲蓝，腹腔镜下观察膀胱周围有无亚甲蓝渗出，或膀胱壁可否看到蓝色，如果看到膀胱壁变蓝，也证实膀胱壁薄弱，应及时缝合膀胱肌层，术后延长尿管留置时间，以防止膀胱阴道瘘形成；发生尿瘘后，前期保守治疗未获成功可能与患者年龄已围绝经期，体内雌激素已呈下降，生殖道组织修复能力有所下降。其次，选择经阴道瘘修复术时机过早，大多数文献上推荐在尿瘘发生后等待3~6月至炎症消退后手术，成功率较高<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref6">6</xref>]</sup>，本例第一次经阴道尿瘘修复术距全子宫切除术仅2月，故术后创面组织易出现水肿、出血等不良预后，从而导致不得不采用经腹膀胱造瘘术，给本已焦虑的患者增加了手术创伤并延长了住院时间；另外，在膀胱阴道瘘修复术后使用头孢哌酮舒巴坦抗感染治疗也被考虑可能造成膀胱出血的原因之一，据国内樊新星<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref7">7</xref>]</sup>等报道一名77岁女性术后使用该药后出现出血问题，系因舒巴坦可干扰体内维生素K的代谢，造成出血倾向，故长时间使用头孢哌酮舒巴坦患者可加用维生素K预防出血。最后还要提醒的是腹腔镜手术的团队要求较高，即便是作为举宫器助手的医生也应有相应的腹腔镜手术经验，这样才能提升整台手术的安全性。</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>参考文献 (References)</title><p>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref1">1</xref>]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; P. Hilton. The risk of vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistula after hysterectomy performed in the English National Health Service—A retrospective cohort study examining patterns of care between 2000 and 2008. BJOG, 2012, 119(12): 1447-1454.</p><p>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref2">2</xref>]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; T. T. Wild. Successful conservative management of a large iatrogenic vesicovaginal fistula after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. American Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, 2012 207(3): e4-e6.</p><p>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref3">3</xref>]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; D. Meraz Avila. Latzko surgery in recidivant vesicovaginal fistulae. Two case reports and literature review. Ginecolog&#237;a y Obstetricia de M&#233;xico, 2012, 80: 788-794.</p><p>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref4">4</xref>]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; C. Y. Liao. Gynecological surgery caused vesicovaginal fistula managed by Latzko operation. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012, 51(3): 359-362.</p><p>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref5">5</xref>]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; W. K. Tsai, W. C. Lin. Intravesical endoscopic repair of a vesicovaginal fistula:acase report. Journal of Taiwan Urological Association, 2004, 15: 79-83.</p><p>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref6">6</xref>]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 刘士军, 叶海云. 膀胱内腹腔镜膀胱阴道瘘修补术[J]. 北京大学学报(医学版), 2010, 42(4): 458-460.</p><p>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.12359-ref7">7</xref>]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 樊新星, 胡侃, 孙山. 头孢哌酮舒巴坦引起出血1例[J]. 中国医院药学杂志, 2009, 24: 2144-2145.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.12359-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">P. Hilton. The risk of vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistula after hysterectomy performed in the English National Health Service—A retrospective cohort study examining patterns of care between 2000 and 2008. BJOG, 2012, 119(12): 1447-1454.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="hanspub.12359-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">T. T. Wild. Successful conservative management of a large iatrogenic vesicovaginal fistula after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. American Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, 2012 207(3): e4-e6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="hanspub.12359-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">D. Meraz Avila. Latzko surgery in recidivant vesicovaginal fistulae. Two case reports and literature review. Ginecología y Obstetricia de México, 2012, 80: 788-794.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="hanspub.12359-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">C. Y. Liao. 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