<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Pure  Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2160-7583</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/PM.2019.93063</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PM-30471</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>PM20190300000_77415176.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>数学与物理</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  一类带时滞的分数阶脉冲偏微分方程解的振动性质
  Oscillation of Certain Impulsive Partial Fractional Differential Equations with Several Delays
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>屈</surname><given-names>卓</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>徐</surname><given-names>伟杰</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>刘</surname><given-names>安平</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>中国地质大学(武汉)数学与物理学院，湖北 武汉</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>09</volume><issue>03</issue><fpage>472</fpage><lpage>479</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  
    本文研究了在一类边界条件下具有多个时滞的分数阶脉冲偏微分方程解的振动性质。利用微分不等式方法，得到了解振动性的充分条件，并给出了一个实例来说明主要结果。
    In this paper, the oscillatory properties of a class of impulsive partial fractional differential equa-tions with several delays subject to a class of boundary conditions are investigated. By using dif-ferential inequality method, some sufficient conditions for oscillation of the solutions are obtained and an example is given to illustrate the main results. 
  
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>振动，脉冲，分数阶偏微分方程，时滞, Oscillation</kwd><kwd> Impulsive</kwd><kwd> Partial Fractional Differential Equations</kwd><kwd> Delays</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>一类带时滞的分数阶脉冲 偏微分方程解的振动性质<sup> </sup></title><p>屈卓，徐伟杰，刘安平<sup>*</sup></p><p>中国地质大学(武汉)数学与物理学院，湖北 武汉</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.30471-formula54"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/33-1250812x5_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>收稿日期：2019年5月6日；录用日期：2019年5月16日；发布日期：2019年5月28日</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.30471-formula55"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/33-1250812x6_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2"><title>摘 要</title><p>本文研究了在一类边界条件下具有多个时滞的分数阶脉冲偏微分方程解的振动性质。利用微分不等式方法，得到了解振动性的充分条件，并给出了一个实例来说明主要结果。</p><p>关键词 :振动，脉冲，分数阶偏微分方程，时滞</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.30471-formula56"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/33-1250812x7_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2019 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/33-1250812x8_hanspub.png" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/33-1250812x9_hanspub.png" /></p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>1. 引言</title><p>随着微分方程理论的发展和完善，分数阶微分方程作为一个新兴的研究领域，越来越受各界重视。如在流体力学、粘弹性、类扩散的扩散运输、医学超声检测、电气工程、生物工程学、控制理论等众多领域 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref3">3</xref>] 。</p><p>微分方程的振动性已经被广泛研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref6">6</xref>] 。近年来，一些学者在许多论文中研究了各类分数阶常微分方程和分数偏微分方程解的振动性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref7">7</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref12">12</xref>] 。但是到目前为止，关于带脉冲的分数阶微分方程解的振动性质的研究尚且很少。最近，A. Raheem和Md. Maqbul研究一类分数阶脉冲微分方程的解的振动性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref13">13</xref>] 。</p><p>本文的目的是研究如下一类具有多个时滞的中立型脉冲分数阶偏微分方程解的振动性：</p><p>{ D + , t α [ u ( t , x ) − u ( t − τ , x ) ] = a ( t ) h ( u ( t , x ) ) Δ u ( t , x ) + ∑ i = 1 m a i ( t ) h i ( u ( t − τ i ( t ) , x ) ) Δ u ( t − τ i ( t ) , x )     − ∑ j = 1 n q j ( t , x ) ⋅ f j ( ∫ 0 t ( t − v ) − α u ( v , x ) d v ) − g ( t , x ) ,     t ≠ t k , ( t , x ) ∈ R + &#215; Ω ≡ G , D + , t α u ( t k + , x ) − D + , t α u ( t k − , x ) = σ ( t k , x ) D + , t α u ( t k , x ) ,     t = t k , k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , (1)</p><p>边界条件满足：</p><p>u ( t , x ) = 0 , ( t , x ) ∈ R + &#215; ∂ Ω , t ≠ t k . (2)</p><p>其中 α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ，且是常数， D + , t α 表示Riemann-Liouville正半轴分数阶微积分定义下函数 u ( t , x ) 关于变量t的 α 阶微分， α 是在 R n 上的有界域，其边界 ∂ Ω 是光滑的，且 Ω &#175; = Ω ∪ ∂ Ω ， R + = ( 0 , + ∞ ) ， Δ 为拉普拉斯算子，n为边 ∂ Ω 的外法线向量， a ( t ) , a i ( t ) , τ i ( t ) ∈ P C [ R + , R + ] ，且强迫项 g ( t , x ) ∈ P C [ R + &#215; Ω &#175; , R ] ，PC表示以 t = t k 为第一类间断点且在该处左连续的分段连续函数类。并且假设 t τ = t k − τ , { t τ } ⊆ { t k } ， τ 为常数， j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n 。问题(1)与(2)的解 u ( t , x ) 、 D + , t α u ( t , x ) 是以 t = t k 为第一类间断点且在该处左连续的分段连续函数， k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ 。在这里， 0 &lt; t 1 &lt; ⋯ &lt; t k &lt; ⋯ ， lim k → ∞ t k = + ∞ 。以下条件在脉冲点成立， <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="//html.scirp.org/file/33-1250812x11_hanspub.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> 。</p><p>在本文中，我们总假设以下条件成立：</p><p>(H1)： <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="//html.scirp.org/file/33-1250812x12_hanspub.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> 为连续函数，且对常数 k j ，有 f i ( u ) / u ≥ k i &gt; 0 ，且 u ≠ 0 ；</p><p>(H2)： q j ( t , x ) ∈ P C [ R + &#215; Ω &#175; , R + ] ，且满足 <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="//html.scirp.org/file/33-1250812x13_hanspub.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>；</p><p>(H3)： σ : R + &#215; Ω &#175; → R + ，且满足 σ ( t k , x ) ≤ α k ；</p><p>(H4)： h ( u ) ∈ C ( R , R ) ; u h ′ ( u ) ≥ 0 。</p><p>为了方便起见，我们记：</p><p>y ( t ) = ∫ Ω u ( t , x ) d x , V ( t ) = ∫ 0 t ( t − v ) − α y ( v ) d v , G ( t ) = ∫ Ω g ( t , x ) d x . (3)</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>2. 预备知识</title><p>定义1 问题(1)与(2)的一个非零解 u ( t , x ) 在区域G内是非振动的，如果存在一个常数 τ ≥ 0 ，使得在 ( t , x ) ∈ [ τ , + ∞ ) &#215; Ω ，始终有 u ( t , x ) &gt; 0 或者 u ( t , x ) &gt; 0 。否则称振动的。</p><p>定义2 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref2">2</xref>] 在Riemann-Liouville正半轴上的分数阶微分定义下，对于 u ( t , x ) 关于变量t在正半轴上逐点定义的 α 阶微分表示如下：</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.30471-formula57"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="//html.scirp.org/file/33-1250812x10_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>其中 α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ， Γ 表示gamma函数，并定义为 Γ ( α ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ s α − 1 e − s d s 。</p><p>引理3 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref1">1</xref>] 若函数 V ( t ) 满足：</p><p>V ( t ) = ∫ 0 t ( t − v ) − α y ( v ) d v , t &gt; 0</p><p>其中 α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) 为常数。那么 V ′ ( t ) = Γ ( 1 − α ) D + α y ( t ) 。</p><p>引理4 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref4">4</xref>] 若如下问题的最小特征值 λ 0 为正：</p><p>Δ w ( x ) + λ w ( x ) = 0 , x ∈ Ω w ( x ) = 0 , 或 者 ∂ w ∂ x + c w ( x ) = 0 , x ∈ ∂ Ω</p><p>其中 λ 是一常数。则相关的特征方程 ϕ ( x ) 在 x ∈ Ω ，也为正。</p><p>引理5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.30471-ref6">6</xref>] 假设以下不等式成立：</p><p>ω ′ ( t ) ≤ g 1 ( t ) ω ( t ) + g 2 ( t ) ,   t ≠ t k ,   t ≥ μ , ω ( t k + ) ≤ ( 1 + a k ) ω ( t k ) ,   k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ ,</p><p>其中， 0 &lt; t 1 ⋯ &lt; t k &lt; ⋯ ， <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="//html.scirp.org/file/33-1250812x14_hanspub.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>； ω ∈ P C 1 [ R + , R ] ， <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="//html.scirp.org/file/33-1250812x15_hanspub.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> ， α k 是常数。那么</p><p>ω ( t ) ≤ ω ( t 0 ) ∏ t 0 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + a k ) exp ( ∫ t 0 t g 1 ( s ) d s )                   + ∫ t 0 t ∏ s &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + a k ) exp ( ∫ s t g 1 ( σ ) d σ ) g 2 ( s ) d s ,   t ≥ μ</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>3. 主要结果及证明</title><p>定理3.1 假设条件(H1)~(H4)成立，如果分数阶脉冲微分不等式</p><p>D + , t α y ( t ) − D + , t α y ( t − τ ) + ∑ j = 1 n k j q j ( t ) V ( t ) ≤ − G ( t ) , (7)</p><p>V ( t k + ) − V ( t k + − τ ) ≤ ( 1 + α k ) ( V ( t k ) − V ( t k − τ ) ) , k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , (8)</p><p>没有最终正解，并且分数阶脉冲微分不等式</p><p>D + , t α y ( t ) − D + , t α y ( t − τ ) + ∑ j = 1 n k j q j ( t ) V ( t ) ≥ − G ( t ) , (9)</p><p>V ( t k + ) − V ( t k + − τ ) ≥ ( 1 + α k ) ( V ( t k ) − V ( t k − τ ) ) , k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , (10)</p><p>没有最终负解，那么问题(1)与(2)的每一个非零解 u ( t , x ) 在G内都是振动的。</p><p>证明：(用反证法)假设 u ( t , x ) 是问题(1)与(2)的一个非振动解。不失一般性，我们假设 u ( t , x ) 是问题(1)与(2)的最终正解，即存在 μ &gt; 0 ，当 ( t , x ) ∈ [ μ , + ∞ ) &#215; Ω ，使 u ( t , x ) &gt; 0 ， u ( t − τ i ( t ) , x ) &gt; 0 。</p><p>(I) 当 t ≠ t k ，对(1)的第一个方程，两边同时对x在有界域 Ω 上积分得到：</p><p>(11)</p><p>根据Green公式，结合边界条件(2)和假设(H4)得到：</p><p>∫ Ω h ( u ) Δ u ( t , x ) d x = ∫ ∂ Ω h ( u ) ∂ u ( t , x ) ∂ n d x − ∫ Ω h ′ ( u ) | g r a d u | 2 d x = ∫ ∂ Ω h ( u ) w ( t , x , u ) d x − ∫ Ω h ′ ( u ) | g r a d u | 2 d x ≤ 0 (12)</p><p>h i ( u ( t − τ i ( t ) , x ) ) Δ u ( t − τ i ( t ) , x ) d x ≤ 0 . (13)</p><p>根据条件(H1)和(H2)得到：</p><p>∫ Ω ∑ j = 1 n q j ( t , x ) ⋅ f j ( ∫ 0 t ( t − v ) u ( v , x ) d v ) d x ≥ ∑ j = 1 n k j q j ( t ) ∫ 0 t ( t − v ) − α y ( v ) d v = ∑ j = 1 n k j q j ( t ) V ( t ) , t ≥ μ . (14)</p><p>结合(11)~(14)可得：</p><p>(15)</p><p>(II) 当 t = t k ，对(1)的第二个方程，两边同时对x在有界域 Ω 上积分</p><p>∫ Ω u ( t k + , x ) d x − ∫ Ω u ( t k − , x ) d x = ∫ Ω σ ( t k , x , u ( t k , x ) ) d x (16)</p><p>即得到</p><p>y ( t k + ) = y ( t k ) ∫ Ω ( 1 + σ ( t k , x , u ( t k , x ) ) ) d x (17)</p><p>根据引理3，并由(16)可知</p><p>(18)</p><p>类似地，由式(17)可知</p><p>V ( t k + − τ ) = ∫ 0 t k + ( t k + − v 2 ) − α ∫ Ω ( 1 + σ ( v , x , u ( v , x ) ) ) d x d v V ( t k − τ ) (19)</p><p>结合(18)~(19)，并根据条件(H3)，有</p><p>V ( t k + ) − V ( t k + − τ ) ≤ ( 1 + α k ) ( V ( t k ) − V ( t k − τ ) ) (20)</p><p>因此，由脉冲微分不等式(15)与(20)可知，函数 U ( t ) = ∫ Ω u ( t , x ) d x 是分数阶脉冲微分不等式(7)~(8)的最终正解。与假设条件相矛盾。</p><p>另一方面，如果 u ( t , x ) 是问题(1)与(2)在G内的最终负解，由相似的的方法，可知函数 U ( t ) = ∫ Ω u ( t , x ) d x 是分数阶脉冲微分不等式(9)~(10)的最终负解。与假设条件相矛盾。证毕。</p><p>定理3.2 假设条件(H1)~(H4)成立，如果存在 μ 2 ≥ 0 ，满足</p><p>∫ μ 2 ∞ exp ( − ∫ t 0 t r ( σ ) d σ ) d s = ∞ , (21)</p><p>其中， r ( t ) = Γ ( 1 − α ) ∑ j = 1 n k j q j ( t ) ， j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ，存在 μ<sub>1</sub> ≥ 0 ，满足</p><p>lim sup t → ∞ ∫ μ 1 t ∏ s &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ s t r ( σ ) d σ ) Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( s ) d s ∏ μ 1 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ μ 1 t r ( s ) ) d s = ∞ , (22)</p><p>并且</p><p>(23)</p><p>那么，问题(1)与(2)的每个解在G内是振动的。</p><p>证明(反证法)：证明该定理，先证明分数阶脉冲微分不等式(7)~(8)没有最终正解且分数阶脉冲微分不等式(9)~(10)没有最终负解。不失一般性，假设 y ( t ) 是分数阶脉冲微分不等式(7)~(8)的最终正解，那么存在 μ 1 ≥ 0 ，使得 y ( t ) ≥ 0 ， y ( t − τ ) ≥ 0 ， t ≥ μ 1 。</p><p>由式(7)和引理3，可得：</p><p>[ V ( t ) − V ( t − τ ) ] ′ + Γ ( 1 − α ) ∑ j = 1 n k j q j V ( t ) ≤ − Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( t ) ≤ 0 ,     t ≥ μ . (24)</p><p>在这里，令</p><p>ω ( t ) = V ( t ) − V ( t − τ ) (25)</p><p>把(25)代入(24)，有</p><p>ω ′ + Γ ( 1 − α ) ∑ j = 1 n k j q j V ( t ) ≤ − Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( t ) ≤ 0 ,     t ≥ μ . (26)</p><p>即有</p><p>ω ′ + Γ ( 1 − α ) ∑ j = 1 n k j q j ( V ( t ) − V ( t − τ ) ) ≤ − Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( t ) ≤ 0 ,     t ≥ μ .</p><p>所以有</p><p>对任意 j∈1,2,, n ，有</p><p>ω ( t ) ′ + Γ ( 1 − α ) k j q j ω ( t ) ≤ − Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( t ) ≤ 0 ,     t ≥ μ . (27)</p><p>由脉冲微分不等式(20)，结合上述式子，有</p><p>ω ( t ) ′ ≤ − Γ ( 1 − α ) ∑ j = 1 n k j q j ω ( t ) − Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( t ) ≤ 0 ,     t ≥ μ , t ≠ t k , ω ( t k + ) ≤ ( 1 + α k ) ω ( t k ) ,     j = 1 , 2 , ⋯</p><p>由引理5，可得</p><p>ω ( t ) ≤ ω ( μ 1 ) ∏ μ 1 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ μ 1 t r ( s ) d s )                   − ∫ μ 1 t ∏ s &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ s t r ( σ ) d σ ) Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( s ) d s . (28)</p><p>所以</p><p>ω ( t ) ∏ μ 1 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ μ 1 t r ( s ) d s ) ≤ ω ( μ 1 ) − ∫ μ 1 t ∏ s &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ s t r ( σ ) d σ ) Γ ( 1 − α ) G ( s ) d s ∏ μ 1 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ μ 1 t r ( s ) d s ) ,</p><p>当 t → ∞ ，根据条件(22)，由上式可得</p><p>lim inf t → ∞ ω ( t ) ∏ μ 1 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ μ 1 t r ( s ) ) d s = − ∞ .</p><p>这与 ω ( t ) &gt; 0 矛盾。证毕。</p><p>另一方面，由类似方法，当 t → ∞ ，根据条件(23)，由上式可得</p><p>lim sup t → ∞ ω ˜ ( t ) ∏ μ 1 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ μ 1 t r ( s ) ) d s = ∞ .</p><p>证毕。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>4. 举例</title><p>假设条件(H1)~(H4)成立，考虑如下多时滞的分数阶脉冲偏微分方程</p><p>(29)</p><p>边界条件满足：</p><p>u ( t , x ) = 0 , ( t , x ) ∈ R + &#215; ∂ Ω , t ≠ t k . (30)</p><p>其中，</p><p>α = 3 4 , Ω = ( 0 , 5π 2 ) , m = n = 1 , a ( t ) = e − t , a 1 ( t ) = e t 2 , h ( u ) = h i ( u ) = u 2 ,</p><p>δ 1 = 2 π 3 , τ = π , τ 1 = 1 2 , q 1 ( t , x ) = 1 Γ ( 1 − α ) ( x 2 + 1 t ) , f 1 ( v ) = v ,</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.30471-formula58"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/33-1250812x132_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>显然可得</p><p>∫ μ 2 ∞ exp ( − ∫ t 0 t r ( ρ ) d ρ ) d s = ∫ μ 2 ∞ exp ( − ∫ t 0 t 1 ρ d ρ ) d s = ∫ μ 2 ∞ t 0 t d t = ∞ ,</p><p>lim sup t → ∞ ∫ μ 1 t ∏ s &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ s t r ( σ ) d σ ) Γ ( 1 − α ) M ( s ) d s ∏ μ 1 &lt; t l &lt; t ( 1 + α k ) exp ( − ∫ μ 1 t r ( s ) ) d s = ∞ ,</p><p>且有</p><p>因此，满足定理3.2的所有条件。故问题(29)~(30)的解为振动解。</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>文章引用</title><p>屈 卓,徐伟杰,刘安平. 一类带时滞的分数阶脉冲偏微分方程解的振动性质Oscillation of Certain Impulsive Partial Fractional Differential Equations with Several Delays[J]. 理论数学, 2019, 09(03): 472-479. https://doi.org/10.12677/PM.2019.93063</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.30471-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Miller, K.S. and Ross, B. 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