<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ACM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Clinical Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-8712</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/ACM.2020.103056</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ACM-34734</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>ACM20200300000_51297714.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>医药卫生</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  食欲素在围麻醉期作用的研究进展
  Research Progress on the Effect of Orexin During Peri-Anaesthesia
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>赵</surname><given-names>秀秀</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>徐</surname><given-names>磊</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)麻醉科，江苏 南京</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>03</issue><fpage>354</fpage><lpage>359</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   近年来，随着基础研究不断深入，越来越多的研究表明食欲素在麻醉不同环节中发挥作用，对全身麻醉苏醒、镇痛机制等方面的进一步认识具有参考价值。本文从分子特点与麻醉相关方面的作用作一简要概述。 In recent years, with the deepening of basic research, more and more studies have shown that orexin plays a role in different aspects of anesthesia, and it has a reference value for further un-derstanding of general anesthesia recovery and analgesic mechanisms. This article briefly sum-marizes the molecular characteristics and the role of anesthesia-related aspects. 
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>食欲素，麻醉, Orexin</kwd><kwd> Anesthesia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>食欲素在围麻醉期作用的研究进展<sup> </sup></title><p>赵秀秀，徐磊<sup>*</sup></p><p>南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)麻醉科，江苏 南京</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.34734-formula49"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/30-1571203x5_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>收稿日期：2020年3月3日；录用日期：2020年3月18日；发布日期：2020年3月25日</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.34734-formula50"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/30-1571203x6_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2"><title>摘 要</title><p>近年来，随着基础研究不断深入，越来越多的研究表明食欲素在麻醉不同环节中发挥作用，对全身麻醉苏醒、镇痛机制等方面的进一步认识具有参考价值。本文从分子特点与麻醉相关方面的作用作一简要概述。</p><p>关键词 :食欲素，麻醉</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.34734-formula51"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/30-1571203x7_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/30-1571203x8_hanspub.png" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/30-1571203x9_hanspub.png" /></p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>1. 引言</title><p>食欲素(orexin)是一种小分子神经肽，主要由下丘脑腹外侧区的神经元合成并分泌，除调节食欲、奖赏行为、睡眠、生殖等功能外，还与应激反应、自主神经系统、觉醒、疼痛等功能有关 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref3">3</xref>]。食欲素包括orexin A和orexin B两种亚型，其氨基酸同源性为46%，在单胺能核区和胆碱能核区大量表达，其神经纤维投射区域包括去甲肾上腺素能的蓝斑核和脑桥脚被盖核、含组胺能的结节乳头状核、含5-羟色胺能的背中缝核以及含胆碱能的基底前脑等；其作用由G蛋白耦联受体食欲素受体1 (orexin receptor 1, OX<sub>1</sub>R)和食欲素受体2 (orexin receptor 2, OX<sub>2</sub>R)介导，OX<sub>1</sub>R主要分布在海马结构、中缝背核和蓝斑区，OX<sub>2</sub>R则主要在大脑皮层、底丘脑和丘脑室旁核、视前核表达。orexin A和orexin B二者具有同源性，但在不同系统中发挥相似或不同的作用从而实现相应的功能。食欲素信号传导(orexin Signaling, OS)具有高度多样性，主要涉及细胞和分子水平。Orexin A通过激活OX<sub>1</sub>R和OX<sub>2</sub>R促进细胞内Ca<sup>2+</sup>动员，并在5-羟色胺能背侧神经元中诱导超极化，通过这种超极化反应，食欲素降低了强直输入的神经兴奋性。Kukkonen一文中 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref4">4</xref>] 阐释食欲素受体的激活与多个神经元中的突触后去极化有关，后者与非选择性阳离子通道、Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>交换及K<sup>+</sup>通道抑制有关；同时OS对其他类型的电流产生增强或抑制的影响，如参与海马电路中的长期增强。其中，Ca<sup>2+</sup>是与OS相关的第二信使，其来源可以是细胞内释放或流入；磷脂酶D也参与脑中食欲素的信号传导。人的orexin及其受体主要存在于中枢神经系统，而在心脏、肺、肝、肾、骨骼肌、脂肪组织中含量甚微，提示orexin可能参与多种中枢神经系统调节的生理功能。</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>2. 食欲素与应激反应</title><p>围术期机体受到应激源刺激时发生神经–内分泌和细胞–体液反应，中枢神经系统尤其是大脑皮层激活，蓝斑–交感–肾上腺髓质轴、下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺皮质轴等引起儿茶酚胺、糖皮质激素等释放增加。Sakamoto等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref5">5</xref>] 实验结果显示在大鼠脑室内给予orexin A后90分钟，约96%和45%的含促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子的神经元分别在下丘脑室旁核和中央杏仁核中表达Fos样免疫反应性；在4℃低温环境中暴露30分钟，含有orexin A的神经元mRNA水平升高，冷暴露激活了下丘脑中含有orexin A的神经元，orexin释放量增加。上述结果表明，中枢神经系统中的食欲素参与应激诱导的中枢神经元的激活并增强应激反应；Xie的研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref6">6</xref>] 也表明orexin在应激适应性反应中发挥重要作用。不同性质的应激对食欲素系统的影响取决于应激源的类型和所涉及的大脑区域 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref1">1</xref>]：急性应激增加了食欲素mRNA水平和诱导的神经毒素神经元活化，而慢性应激还可导致食欲素神经元数量增加。Grafe等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref7">7</xref>] 实验结果显示：与雄性大鼠相比，应激后在雌性大鼠中观察到orexin表达和活化增加，雌性大鼠认知灵活性受到抑制，而雄性大鼠认知灵活性改善，该结果表明，食欲素是重复应激反应和随后认知功能产生性别差异的重要介质。对食欲素受体的阻断可以减少由心理应激引起的急性心血管反应，以及由慢性应激诱导的高血压 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref3">3</xref>]。因此，监测食欲素水平可能有助于应激反应的判断，对指导临床麻醉用药可能具有一定的意义。</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>3. 食欲素与自主神经</title><p>抑制伤害性反射是实现麻醉的四大要素之一。伤害性刺激会改变自主神经的活动，干扰机体器官功能的稳定，增加围手术期不良事件等风险，因此，麻醉深度的监测需要对意识和自主神经系统功能状态进行综合评估 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref8">8</xref>]。当肌松满意时，评估自主神经的活动状态可成为判断麻醉深度的主要依据，而不仅仅根据意识的水平来判断。基于EEG的麻醉深度监测方法可反映大脑皮层的镇静程度，但对伤害性刺激引起的皮质下自主神经反应并不敏感。由于应激反应可以干扰自主神经系统的平衡、改变内脏功能甚至引起内环境紊乱，严重者可能危及生命，因此，实时监测自主神经功能具有重要的临床意义，对伤害性刺激引起的自主反应进行及时评估和干预可以有效预防围手术期应激反应引起的不良事件 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref9">9</xref>]。Murakami等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref10">10</xref>] 实验表明食欲素系统有助于控制交感神经张力。中枢给予orexin A和B可以激活交感神经，并且增加麻醉和清醒动物的动脉血压和心率 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref11">11</xref>]。Li等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref12">12</xref>] 强调，在给予食欲素拮抗剂后观察到食欲素刺激了交感神经活动性，同时观察到去甲肾上腺素的血浆和脑脊液水平显著降低(P &lt; 0.002)。通过外源性应用食欲素激活中枢神经系统中的orexin受体，在麻醉或有意识动物中通过交感神经介导的的高血压方面起重要作用 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref11">11</xref>]。此外，还需要进一步的研究来阐明食欲素与自主神经系统之间的关系。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>4. 食欲素与心肺功能</title><p>在已知调节心血管功能的区域中均有食欲素及其受体表达。食欲素可通过低位脑干、脊髓中自主神经和呼吸中枢调节心肺功能。研究发现，在清醒或麻醉动物的脑内或鞘内注射orexin会引起血压升高、心率增快、呼吸急促、交感神经兴奋等反应，而食欲素受体被阻断后则出现不同程度的血压、心率、呼吸频率下降的现象 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref14">14</xref>]，表明OX<sub>1</sub>R和OX<sub>2</sub>R参与了食欲素对心肺功能的调节作用。Li等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref15">15</xref>] 发现在麻醉大鼠的背内侧下丘脑注射orexin A可以产生动脉压和心率的升高，而用OX<sub>1</sub>R拮抗剂进行预处理可减弱食欲素A诱导的心血管反应。背内侧下丘脑是应激反应等因素引起心血管反应的重要部位，含有致密的orexin神经支配和受体，是食欲素系统在调节心血管功能中的关键作用位点。食欲素能系统在动机行为和应激引起的中枢性心血管控制中起着重要作用 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref14">14</xref>]，表明应激、食欲素和血压升高之间存在着某种联系，对食欲素受体拮抗剂的进一步研究可能有益于开发应激相关性高血压治疗的新策略。相关试验 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref16">16</xref>] 表明，orexin A剂量依赖性地增加呼吸驱动、升高膈神经振幅和降低膈神经频率、增加分钟通气量、延长呼气时间和缩短吸气时间，其机制尚不明确；但麻醉动物、迷走神经切断术和人工通气排除了orexin A直接作用于肋间和腹部运动神经元的可能性。orexin为药物治疗及对心肺功能相关的病理生理学研究提供了新思路。由于orexin对心血管功能的影响呈剂量依赖性，因此，其有效剂量尚需进一步探索。可见，食欲素在调节麻醉状态下的心肺功能方面具有重要意义，其深入研究对临床麻醉中的心肺功能调节及保护具有潜在价值。</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>5. 食欲素与麻醉苏醒</title><p>麻醉苏醒延迟有多种原因，如：患者自身状态、手术方式或时间、麻醉药物用量、机体内环境等。重视全身麻醉患者的苏醒质量、减少苏醒期并发症及术后谵妄、认知功能障碍对患者康复具有重要意义。相关资料表明，食欲素能神经元参与控制快速眼动睡眠，OX<sub>1</sub>R是该过程重要的受体。基底前脑中的orexin神经元信号的激活显著增加了躯体感觉皮层区域的乙酰胆碱外流，缩短了吸入或静脉麻醉后大鼠的觉醒时间，其中，食欲素系统和蓝斑系统在麻醉的苏醒中发挥着不同的作用 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref17">17</xref>]。Ran等实验 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref2">2</xref>] 表明，异氟醚麻醉后的苏醒延迟是由食欲素神经元活动控制的；该研究小组的最新实验 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref18">18</xref>] 结果显示，与成年大鼠相比，老年大鼠orexin神经元数量、OX<sub>2</sub>R表达水平无差异，而血浆orexin浓度增高，OX<sub>1</sub>R蛋白表达量及免疫荧光染色密度降低，从而导致苏醒时间延长；当向脑室内注射携带orexin基因的病毒使OX<sub>1</sub>R过表达时，EEG波形显示，大鼠从无意识状态向有意识状态转变的时间点明显缩短。相关临床试验 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref19">19</xref>] 也表明：与青年组相比，老年组患者苏醒时间长，血浆中orexin A水平高，orexin A水平不是老年患者发生苏醒延迟的原因。由此推测，与年龄相关的全身麻醉后苏醒延迟可能与OX<sub>1</sub>R减少有关。Zhang等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref20">20</xref>] 实验结果显示：向鼻内注射orexin A促进了丙泊酚麻醉后大鼠的苏醒，而注射OX<sub>1</sub>R拮抗剂则苏醒延迟，该结果证实了食欲素参与丙泊酚静脉麻醉的麻醉–苏醒过程。由此可见，对食欲素及其衍生药物的研制具有重要临床意义，其可以快速逆转丙泊酚或吸入麻醉药物所致麻醉状态，起到加快苏醒的作用，为全身麻醉的加速苏醒提供了一种新策略，这对及时逆转临床麻醉中发生的未预料的困难气道或麻醉药物过敏可能具有重要作用。此外，Orexin还可以引起心率、血压、呼吸频率和潮气量增加，从而可通过加速药物的代谢间接促进麻醉苏醒。</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>6. 食欲素与疼痛</title><p>随着加速康复外科理念的发展，缓解和控制急慢性疼痛是患者术后早期下床活动的重要环节。orexin A除了参与麻醉苏醒外，还通过调节大鼠伏隔核的多巴胺能输入来激活食欲素能受体从而诱导腹侧被盖区的抗伤害感受，而orexin B抗伤害作用较弱 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref21">21</xref>]。Zhou等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref17">17</xref>] 实验采用热板试验和福尔马林实验检测了小鼠对疼痛的反应，结果显示在热板试验中需要更长的时间来响应热刺激，在福尔马林试验中表现出较少频率的舔爪行为，这表明食欲素神经元的激活延长了由疼痛引起躯体反应的潜伏期，增加了对疼痛的耐受性。近年来，麻醉药物及神经阻滞技术的发展明显减轻了手术切开疼痛的程度，降低了患者的不适感及术后并发症的发生率，但内脏痛还未得到有效控制。orexin不仅参与神经性疼痛、应激性疼痛、头痛的镇痛，在缓解内脏痛、机械痛等方面也具有重要作用 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref21">21</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref22">22</xref>]。Toyama等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref22">22</xref>] 在小鼠实验中发现，向小鼠脑室内注射orexin A可以剂量依赖性地减弱化疗药诱导的机械性疼痛、增加甩尾潜伏期，且比度洛西汀更能有效缓解化疗引起的周围神经病变性疼痛。另一项相关实验 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref23">23</xref>] 利用药物遗传学和时间控制消融法来研究食欲素神经元在伤害感受中的生理作用，结果显示，食欲素神经元的消融增加了由机械、热和化学有害刺激产生的疼痛感知，而食欲素神经元的相关激活能产生镇痛作用，揭示了食欲素神经元在伤害性感知和镇痛中的整合作用，突出了食欲素在镇痛方面的重要性。另外，orexin在癌根治术及癌性疼痛方面的作用及相关实验有待深入研究。</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>7. 食欲素与预后</title><p>择期患者术前均存在一定程度的紧张、焦虑等情绪，这会影响术前一晚的睡眠时间和质量；手术和麻醉会引起不同程度地睡眠–觉醒周期紊乱，影响患者术后的睡眠结构及睡眠质量，导致睡眠不足，进而增加心血管系统、感染、谵妄等术后并发症的发生率，影响患者的预后及转归 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref25">25</xref>]。术后由于麻醉药物的残余作用，患者可能会发生嗜睡现象，在老年患者更为常见。越来越多的证据表明，睡眠中断导致调节身体和心理功能生物钟系统的破坏。相关研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref26">26</xref>] 总结了不同麻醉药物、给药时间对昼夜节律的影响，结果显示，氯胺酮、七氟醚、丙泊酚和异氟醚对昼夜节律行为的影响不同。昼夜节律可激活食欲素神经元，引起脑脊液中orexin A水平不断改变，在清醒阶段达到峰值 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref27">27</xref>]。Suzuki等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref28">28</xref>] 试验阐明了orexin在双侧丘脑梗死患者睡眠过度中的作用，分别在6例患者中测量了脑脊液中的orexin水平，结果表明，脑脊液中orexin水平降低可能预示丘脑穿动脉梗死患者的临床预后不良。相关研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref29">29</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref31">31</xref>] 表明，orexin参与焦虑样行为的调节。吸入麻醉药、氯胺酮与丙泊酚对orexin水平的影响不同 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref25">25</xref>]，这种差异的机制尚不清楚，需要进一步研究以了解其对睡眠结构的影响及导致术后睡眠剥夺的原因。食欲素在调节情绪、睡眠及预测临床预后方面的作用，对控制围麻醉期影响患者身心健康的不良因素可能具有潜在意义。</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>8. 总结与展望</title><p>综上所述，食欲素除与应激反应、自主神经功能、心肺功能调节、麻醉苏醒、疼痛有关外，还参与麻醉后睡眠障碍等的调控 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref25">25</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.34734-ref30">30</xref>]。食欲素系统参与麻醉过程的诸多环节，对其机制的深入研究，可能是精准麻醉时代研究的方向，同时也需要更多的基础研究来不断补充和完善食欲素信号传导的分子机制，为临床应用提供依据。此外，orexin及其受体在外周组织如胃肠道，胰腺和脂肪组织的分布及作用尚需未来进一步探究。食欲素生理学存在物种差异，有待进一步开发可准确有效地检测食欲素水平的方法；orexin自身及其特异性拮抗剂对不同生理功能的作用有助于靶向药物的研发，可能成为解决未来临床相关问题的新途径；但由于食欲素功能的多样性，其带来的副作用也同样需要进一步研究观察。</p></sec><sec id="s11"><title>文章引用</title><p>赵秀秀,徐 磊. 食欲素在围麻醉期作用的研究进展Research Progress on the Effect of Orexin During Peri-Anaesthesia[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(03): 354-359. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.103056</p></sec><sec id="s12"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.34734-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sargin, D. 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