<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Psychology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2160-7273</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/AP.2020.104051</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AP-35014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>AP20200400000_28902835.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>人文社科</subject><subject> 合作期刊</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  创造性遗传基础的研究进展
  Research Progress of Creative Genetic Basis
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>刘</surname><given-names>强</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>西南大学心理学部，重庆</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>400</fpage><lpage>406</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   
   创造性是人类智能的高级表现。围绕创造性遗传基础这一主题，本文分别从候选基因、全基因组关联研究、多基因分数三个方面进行阐述。理解创造性的遗传基础有利于找到个体创造性差异的原因，并且为发展创造性能力奠定基础。&lt;br/&gt;Creativity is the advanced expression of human intelligence. Focusing on the topic of creative ge-netic basis, this paper discusses candidate genes, genome-wide association studies and polygenic scores. Understanding the genetic basis of creativity is helpful to find out the reasons for the dif-ferences of individual creativity and lay a foundation for the development of creativity. 
  
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>创造性，基因，全基因组关联研究, Creativity</kwd><kwd> Gene</kwd><kwd> Genome-Wide Association Studies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>创造性遗传基础的研究进展<sup> </sup></title><p>刘强</p><p>西南大学心理学部，重庆</p><p>收稿日期：2020年2月27日；录用日期：2020年4月7日；发布日期：2020年4月14日</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.35014-formula33"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-1131847x5_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2"><title>摘 要</title><p>创造性是人类智能的高级表现。围绕创造性遗传基础这一主题，本文分别从候选基因、全基因组关联研究、多基因分数三个方面进行阐述。理解创造性的遗传基础有利于找到个体创造性差异的原因，并且为发展创造性能力奠定基础。</p><p>关键词 :创造性，基因，全基因组关联研究</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.35014-formula34"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-1131847x6_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-1131847x7_hanspub.png" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-1131847x8_hanspub.png" /></p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>1. 创造性</title><p>创造性又可以称作创造力，著名创造性研究者Guilford提出，在创造性活动中，个体创造性的具体表现为创造性思维，它是人类思维的高级过程，发散性思维(divergent thinking)是它的主要标志。发散性思维定义为“在给定的信息中产生信息，从同一来源中产生各种各样、许许多多的输出”。现在大多数观点认为创造性有两个关键要素，即“新颖性”和“适用性”，Hennessey等人将创造性定义为个体产生新颖并具有实用价值的观点或者产品的能力(Hennessey, Amabile, &amp; Mueller, 2010)。大量研究已经表明，遗传和环境是影响青少年创造性发展的两个最重要因素(Runco et al., 2011；衣新发，王小娟，&amp;胡卫平，2013)，但是，到目前为止，我们对于遗传在个体创造性表现及其脑机制问题还没有较为清晰的认识和了解。</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>2. 创造性的遗传基础</title><sec id="s4_1"><title>2.1. 单个候选基因</title><sec id="s4_1_1"><title>2.1.1. 多巴胺递质系统基因</title><p>主要包括与言语创造力正相关(Reuter et al., 2006)。最近对中国汉族人群所做的研究也发现，DRD2基因与发散性思维测试的言语流畅性和独创性显著相关(Zhang et al., 2014a)。还有研究采用正电子发射计算机断层显像技术发现了丘脑的DRD2的密度与发散性思维分数显著相关(De Manzano et al., 2010)。</p><p>与DRD2类似，研究者也发现，DRD4和DAT与发散性思维(尤其是流畅性和灵活性维度)和新颖DRD2，DRD4，DAT和COMT基因。关于一般创造力的基因基础的首项研究发现，DRD2基因与5-羟色胺递质系统TPH1基因可以解释创造力总分9%的变异，且DRD2的A1+等位基因性寻求呈显著相关(Mayseless et al., 2013; Runco et al., 2011)。</p><p>Ukkola等人(Ukkola et al., 2009)和Runco等人(Runco et al., 2011)的研究分别发现，COMT基因与音乐创造力和发散思维测验上的流畅性得分显著相关。不同的COMT基因型其具体影响不同：Val+等位基因(包括Val/Val和Val/Met变异体)与较差的执行功能和延迟记忆能力相关(Dickerson et al., 2006；Goghari &amp; Sponheim, 2008)；而Val-等位基因(Met/Met)却与高智商、较好的工作记忆和认知灵活性相关(Malhotra et al., 2002; Nolan et al., 2004)。但也有研究发现了一些不一致的结果。例如，有研究者发现，相对于Val/Val携带者边缘系统反应增强以及皮层–边缘系统之间存在更强的功能连接(Drabant et al., 2006；Smolka et al., 2005)。有研究发现，COMT基因多态性能影响顿悟问题的解决，携带Met等位基因的个体在创造性顿悟问题上具有更高的得分(Jiang et al., 2015)。最新研究发现，创造力的个体差异是由多巴胺基因DAT和COMT共同相互作用预测。</p></sec><sec id="s4_1_2"><title>2.1.2. 5-羟色胺递质系统基因</title><p>主要包括5-HTT基因多态性和TPH1基因。5-HTT由神经递质转运体基因(solute carrier family 6 member 4, SLC6A4)编码，具有一个共同的启动子多态区域5-HTTLPR (5-hydroxy tryptamine transporter-linked polymorphic region)。Volf等人发现5-HTTLPR多态性与创造力相关显著，携带S等位基因的被试较携带L等位基因的被试表现出了更高的创造力水平(Volf et al., 2009)。更有研究发现，5-HTTLPR多态性与言语和图画创造力(Volf et al., 2009)、舞蹈创造力(Bachner-Melman et al., 2005)和开放性(Kalbitzer et al., 2009)有关。</p><p>此外，相关研究发现，TPH1与创造力总分(Reuter et al., 2006)、流畅性维度得分(Runco et al., 2011)以及音乐创造力(Ukkola et al., 2009)呈显著相关。SLC6A4主要表现于与情绪相关密切的额叶和边缘系统中，有研究发现该基因与精氨酸后叶加压素基因AVPR1A的联合作用会影响短期音乐记忆和舞蹈创造力(Ukkola et al., 2009)。</p></sec><sec id="s4_1_3"><title>2.1.3. 精神分裂易感基因Neuregulin 1多态性</title><p>NRG1基因编码是一组含有EGF的生长因子，这个家族的生长因子有完全不同的N端。根据这一点，NRG1家族的蛋白质被分为六型：I，II，III，IV，V，VI型。Keri的研究首度发现，neuregulin 1基因的多态性(T/T基因型)与高智商健康被试的创造性成就和创造性思维测验的分数显著相关(K&#233;ri, 2009)，且这种关系不受智商变量的影响。也有研究发现(Kyaga et al., 2011)，高创造力群体中患精神病群体的个体比例高于普通人，并且对比患有精神疾病群体和普通人群的创造力表现发现，前者水平高于后者。这从基因的角度证实了创造力与精神障碍有紧密的行为学关系。而neuregulin 1基因与精神疾病(尤其是精神分裂症和双相障碍)的关联在不同人群中已得到了广泛重现(Craddock et al., 2006; Keri et al., 2009)。T/T基因型还与较低的工作记忆能力(Stefanis et al., 2007)、精神分裂症发病前较低的智商(K&#233;ri, 2009)以及认知任务中额叶和颞叶减弱的激活(Hall et al., 2006)有关。因此在NRG1基因中，有很多单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs)被鉴定出来，这些位点与精神分裂症的临床症状相关，也和创造性相关。</p><p>由此，确定的候选基可为研究者从微观的角度开展创造性研究，发现创造性的遗传基础。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4_2"><title>2.2. 多基因之间的联合作用</title><p>创造力的遗传学研究在最初的几年，研究者多是考察某个基因与创造力的关系。但是，单个基因及其多态性位点对创造性的影响往往是非常微弱的，随着研究方法的改进和研究成果的丰富，一些研究者开始关注多种基因之间的交互作用及其与创造性各维度的关系。他们发现，4组二元基因的交互作用(如DRD2 &#215; DRD4)和2组三元基因的交互作用(如DRD2 &#215; COMT &#215; DRD4)对言语创造力(流畅性和独创性)有显著影响(Murphy et al., 2013)。同时其他研究也发现，COMT和DAT基因的交互作用可以预测个体的创造性成就(Zabelina et al., 2016)随后，在中国汉族人群中所做的基因与基因交互作用分析(gene-gene interaction analysis)也显示，2组四元基因的交互作用和1组三元基因的交互作用分别与言语流畅性和灵活性以及图画灵活性存在关联(Zhang et al., 2014b)。这些研究结果提示，COMT和多巴胺受体的多态性可能相互作用、共同调节前额叶的多巴胺含量，从而影响了复杂的创造性认知加工。Zhang等人同时还进行了相关单体型(haplotype)的关联分析，由此考察同一基因内相邻位点间的联合作用。发现由DRD2和COMT基因相关位点组成的单体型同样与创造性相关显著。之后也提出研究概念，对DA、5-HT通路中其它众多候选基因的多态性位点进行了较为全面的筛查，筛选出包含DRD2、DRD4、COMT基因在内的上述两个通路中32个基因约为700个多态性位点。考察了多个基因多个可态性位点对创造性的影响(Zhang et al., 2015)。</p><p>因此, 进行多基因以及多位点的分析研究将更有助于揭示创造力的遗传基础的全貌。</p></sec><sec id="s4_3"><title>2.3. 全基因组关联研究(GWAS)</title><p>GWAS (genome wide association study)即在全基因组范围内对序列变异(即SNP)和创造性进行关联分析，从中筛选出与创造性显著相关的SNP。如何利用全基因组关联研究所产生的分型数据来构建基因调控网络也成为一个研究热点。</p><p>有研究运用自己的方法估算了25个行为特质两两之间的遗传关联，得到了300个遗传关联系数。该分析涉及到超过一百五十万个独立的表型测量。发现疾病之间有共同的遗传关联。如精神分裂症与抑郁症在遗传上呈现0.4的相关；神经性厌食症和肥胖在遗传相关性上呈现负相关(r = −0.20, P = 4 &#215; 10<sup>−6</sup>)，说明有相同的遗传因素影响体质指数和相关的疾病。受智商遗传影响的自闭症和受教育程度在基因上呈现正相关(r = −0.28, P = 5 &#215; 10<sup>4</sup>)。把吸烟作为受教育程度的指标，发现吸烟和接受大学教育在遗传相关性上呈负相关(遗传上的关联更少受到环境变量的影响) (Buliksullivan et al., 2015)。</p><p>更有研究表明，人格和精神疾病有共享的遗传因素。de Moor等人研究发现大五人格中的尽责性和KATNAL2变异相关(P = 4.9 &#215; 10<sup>−8</sup>, N = 17,375) (de Moor et al., 2012)，后续发现神经质和MAGI1的内部变异相关(P = 4.9 &#215; 10<sup>−8</sup>, N = 17,375) (de Moor et al., 2015)，更有研究在年轻的韩国女性样本上发现外向性和RASA1以及PTPRD变异相关(P = 2.8 &#215; 10<sup>−8</sup>, N = 17,375) (Shim et al., 2014)。英国的Biobank通过超过106000人样本的全基因组元分析，也找到与神经质相关的位于8号染色体上，至少36个基因9个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs)，同时也发现GRIK3、KLHL2、CRHR1等候选基因也和神经质相关(Smith et al., 2016)。最近Lo, M等人发现，外向性、宜人性、神经质在SNPS的rs698152、rs2164273等六个位点在全基因组水平上显著，且开放性和精神分裂症及抑郁症的正相关也在基因上有所表现(Lo et al., 2016)。</p><p>虽然直接用GWAS探讨创造性的研究很少，但早有研究发现精神分裂症和精神病倾向与创造性有关，且创造性和精神分裂症倾向与家族遗传相关(Claridge, 1997)。也有研究表明人格特质的开放性与创造性有显著正相关(Prabhu et al., 2008)，受教育程度等社会环境和创造力也呈显著相关。因此合并多个研究数据的GWAS的Meta分析是很有意义的尝试，可以更经济和高效地对现有GWAS数据进行深度挖掘，提高发现易感基因位点的效能(Bush &amp; Moore, 2012)。</p></sec><sec id="s4_4"><title>2.4. 多基因分数</title><p>多基因分数是另外一种研究方法：把已有的GWAS用到自己的数据上，侧重于探究创造性与其他表型(例如人格和受教育程度)在遗传上的关联(genetic correlation)。先前的研究表明，基因多态性可以预测人们患某种疾病的风险。这其中就包括精神分裂和双相情感障碍等精神疾病。因此，在基因上表现出某些特征的个体，可能比不具有这些特征的个体更易患上这些精神疾病。最新一项冰岛的研究表明，精神分裂和双相情感障碍的多基因风险分数能够显著地预测个体的创造力(精神分裂：P = 5.2 &#215; 10<sup>−6</sup>；双相情感障碍：P = 3.8 &#215; 10<sup>−6</sup>) (Power et al., 2015)，患精神分裂和双相情感障碍的风险分别最高能够解释创造力0.24%和0.26%的变异。换句话说，从事着文学或者艺术相关职业的人与非文艺相关职业者之间的创造力差异，能有0.24%的差异可能是由于他们患精神分裂的风险所带来的，0.26%的差异可能是出于患双相情感障碍的风险差异。</p><p>另外一项研究从英国3152的青少年样本的GWAS中创建了13个关于精神疾病和认知特质的多基因分数，发现认知的多基因分数比精神疾病相关的多基因分数对行为(从精神病学、人格、教育成就中提炼出的50个特质)有着更强的预测能力。例如教育的多基因分数解释了青少年0.6%的问题行为和2%的教育成就差异，而与精神疾病相关的多基因分数缺没有这种差异影响。这为研究多基因分数基于成人GWAS来预测遗传倾向在早期发展中的作用提供了基础(Krapohl et al., 2015)。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s5"><title>3. 研究展望</title><p>创造性作为一种高级的认知能力，对人们的生活和学习有重要的作用。早期的遗传学研究已经表明，创造性思维(发散思维)，创造性人格特质以及创造性成就都存在一定程度的遗传性(Bouchard Jr., 1993)。随着分子遗传学的发展，研究者开始采用候选基因的方法，主要从基因的单位点、单体型和基因间交互作用的角度探讨了DA和5-HT神经通路相关基因以及NRG1基因与一般创造力的关系(Runco et al., 2011；衣新发，王小娟，&amp;胡卫平，2013)。其次，由于单个基因的多态性对创造性的影响较微弱，一些研究者开始关注多种基因之间的交互作用及其与创造性各维度的关系。随着基因测序和分析方法的不断进步和完善，研究者也尝试使用多基因分数和GWAS关联分析来探讨基因对创造性的影响。本文对创造性遗传基础的研究有一定的借鉴作用。未来的研究应该从多基因以及多位点的分析研究入手，这将更有助于揭示创造力的遗传基础的全貌。如何利用已有的GWAS来和自己的数据做匹配以研究多基因和创造性的关系将是之后创造性遗传基础研究的一个突破点。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>文章引用</title><p>刘 强. 创造性遗传基础的研究进展Research Progress of Creative Genetic Basis[J]. 心理学进展, 2020, 10(04): 400-406. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2020.104051</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.35014-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">衣新发, 王小娟, 胡卫平(2013). 创造力基因组学研究. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 31(3), 56.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="hanspub.35014-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bachner-Melman, R., Dina, C., Zohar, A. 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