<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ACM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Clinical Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-8712</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/ACM.2020.106157</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ACM-36187</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>ACM20200600000_44830756.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>医药卫生</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  儿童木村病合并肾脏损害病例报告并文献复习
  A Child with Kimura’s Disease Had Multiple Lymph Nodes Enlargement as the Initial Sign: A Case Report and Literature Review
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>全</surname><given-names>天文</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>宋</surname><given-names>爱琴</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>青岛大学附属医院，山东 青岛</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>青岛大学医学部，山东 青岛</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>06</issue><fpage>1039</fpage><lpage>1044</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  
    目的：研究分析青岛大学附属医院1例儿童木村病合并肾脏损害的临床特征，诊断，治疗及预后，旨在对儿童木村病的诊疗提供一定的经验。方法：回顾性分析我院一名5岁男孩临床表现为肘部和腋窝淋巴结肿大，实验室检查表现为嗜酸性粒细胞和免疫球蛋白IgE显著增加，根据淋巴结病理切片，诊断为木村病。治疗起初用醋酸泼尼松治疗2周后，肿大的淋巴结完全消退，在泼尼松减量过程中，该患儿出现木村病复发，改用环孢菌素A，在随后的1年随访期间，症状逐渐显著改善。结论：针对木村病的治疗包括手术切除皮下肿块和药物治疗。尽管糖皮质激素是药物治疗的首选药物，但在糖皮质激素不敏感或不耐受的儿童中，免疫抑制剂如环孢菌素A可能是首选的替代药物。
    Objective: To analyze the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of a child with Mucun disease and kidney damage in a hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, aiming to provide some experience in the diagnosis and treatment of children’s Mucun disease. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a 5-year-old boy in our hospital showed clinical manifestations of elbow and axillary lymphadenopathy. Laboratory tests showed a significant increase in eosinophils and immunoglobulin IgE. According to the pathological section of the lymph nodes, the diagnosis was Mucun disease. After treatment for 2 weeks with prednisone acetate, the swollen lymph nodes completely resolved. During the prednisone reduction, the patient developed a recurrence of Mucun disease and switched to cyclosporin A for follow-up in the following 1 year. During the period, the symptoms gradually improved significantly. Conclusion: Treatment for Kimura disease includes surgical removal of subcutaneous masses and medication. Although glucocorticoids are the drug of choice for drug therapy, immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin A may be the preferred alternative in children with glucocorticoid insensitivity or intolerance. 
  
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>木村病，儿童，嗜酸性粒细胞性淋巴肉芽肿，淋巴结，环孢菌素A, Kimura’s Disease</kwd><kwd> Child</kwd><kwd> Eosinophilic Lymphogranuloma</kwd><kwd> Lymph Node</kwd><kwd> Lymph Nodes</kwd><kwd> Cyclosporin A</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>儿童木村病合并肾脏损害病例报告并文献复习<sup> </sup></title><p>全天文<sup>1</sup>，宋爱琴<sup>2</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>青岛大学医学部，山东 青岛</p><p><sup>2</sup>青岛大学附属医院，山东 青岛</p><p>收稿日期：2020年5月28日；录用日期：2020年6月12日；发布日期：2020年6月19日</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.36187-formula25"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/27-1571366x5_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2"><title>摘 要</title><p>目的：研究分析青岛大学附属医院1例儿童木村病合并肾脏损害的临床特征，诊断，治疗及预后，旨在对儿童木村病的诊疗提供一定的经验。方法：回顾性分析我院一名5岁男孩临床表现为肘部和腋窝淋巴结肿大，实验室检查表现为嗜酸性粒细胞和免疫球蛋白IgE显著增加，根据淋巴结病理切片，诊断为木村病。治疗起初用醋酸泼尼松治疗2周后，肿大的淋巴结完全消退，在泼尼松减量过程中，该患儿出现木村病复发，改用环孢菌素A，在随后的1年随访期间，症状逐渐显著改善。结论：针对木村病的治疗包括手术切除皮下肿块和药物治疗。尽管糖皮质激素是药物治疗的首选药物，但在糖皮质激素不敏感或不耐受的儿童中，免疫抑制剂如环孢菌素A可能是首选的替代药物。</p><p>关键词 :木村病，儿童，嗜酸性粒细胞性淋巴肉芽肿，淋巴结，环孢菌素A</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.36187-formula26"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/27-1571366x6_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/27-1571366x7_hanspub.png" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/27-1571366x8_hanspub.png" /></p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>1. 引言</title><p>木村病(kimura’s disease，KD)又称嗜酸性粒细胞性淋巴肉芽肿，是一种病因不明的罕见慢性炎症性疾病，主要发生在年轻和中年亚洲男性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref1">1</xref>]。自1937年以来，全球仅有400多例报道，儿童患者罕见，仅有个例报道 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref2">2</xref>]。该病的主要病理改变是炎性细胞浸润和血管病变 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref3">3</xref>]，并于1948年以Kimura的名字命名 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref4">4</xref>]。本报告详细介绍了一例我院2016年收治的一名最初表现多发性淋巴结肿大患儿的病例报告，并回顾了该病的文献。</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>2. 临床资料</title><sec id="s4_1"><title>2.1. 一般资料</title><p>患儿男，5岁，2016年12月因“右腋窝和肘部大量肿块4个月”就诊于我院(青岛大学附属医院)。体格检查见右侧腋窝3 cm &#215; 2 cm的肿块，无肿胀和疼痛，触摸柔软。B超发现数枚肿大的淋巴结，范围从0.8 cm &#215; 1.0 cm到1.5 cm &#215; 0.8 cm，有明显的皮层和髓质边界，位于右耳和右腋窝区域。右上臂有一个2.8 cm &#215; 1.5 cm低回声结节，具有明显的边界和不规则的形状。手术切除后，送检病理检查，肿块含有不同的细胞成分，包括小的成熟淋巴细胞，原始和不成熟的淋巴细胞，以及少量嗜中性粒细胞，嗜酸性粒细胞和内皮细胞。诊断为慢性反应性淋巴结炎。在9个月后(2017年9月)，患者在手术切口部位出现新的肿块，表现为瘙痒，多发性皮疹和局部皮肤色素沉着增厚(见图1(C))，再次入住我院。体格检查见0.5 cm &#215; 0.5 cm的肿块位于手术切口发生的肘窝右侧，双侧腹股沟处还有两个肿块(见图1(A)~(B))。复查患儿病理切片发现多个淋巴滤泡，具有不同的生发中心，淋巴滤泡和滤泡间区域的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润，以及滤泡间区和血管周围的嗜酸性脓肿，纤维组织和血管增生(见图2(A)~(D))，该患者被诊断为木村氏病。</p><p>图1. 淋巴结肿大和特应性改变。(A) 右腹股沟淋巴结，3.8 cm &#215; 1.3 cm；(B) 左腹股沟淋巴结，3.5厘米 &#215; 1.1厘米；(C) 多发性皮疹和局部皮肤增厚，右侧大腿区域有色素沉着</p><p>图2. 淋巴结中的病理发现。(A) 观察到淋巴滤泡增生和可见的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润和血管增生(H &amp; E染色，&#215;100)；(B) 嗜酸性粒细胞浸润(H &amp; E染色，&#215;400)；(C) 溶解的卵泡和嗜酸性微粒(H &amp; E染色，&#215;400)；(D) 卵泡外周可见纤维组织和血管(H &amp; E染色，&#215;100)</p></sec><sec id="s4_2"><title>2.2. 辅助检查</title><p>血细胞计数显示，白细胞计数(WBC)为9.61 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L，嗜酸性粒细胞计数为39.8% (3.82 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L)，远高于正常范围(0.05~0.5 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L)。其他实验室检测包括免疫球蛋白IgE浓度2450 IU/mL(正常 &lt; 200 IU/mL)，尿蛋白定性检测中的尿蛋白+，24小时尿蛋白定量20 mg/kg/天，EBV-DNA定量为4.5 AU/mL (正常 &lt; 2 AU/mL)和EBV核抗原IgG &gt; 46.12 AU/mL(正常 &lt; 2 AU/ml)。调节性淋巴细胞亚群分析显示，总T细胞(CD3 +) 80.26% (正常61.1%~77%)，T辅助/诱导细胞亚群(CD3+ CD4+) 62.14% (正常31.5%~41.6%)，活化B细胞25% (正常3.0%~11.7%)。血生化，粪便，肺炎支原体抗体，结核分枝杆菌T-SPOT，变应原，胸部CT以及腹部B超检查没有阳性结果。</p></sec><sec id="s4_3"><title>2.3. 治疗及转归</title><p>患儿以2 mg/kg/dPO的初始剂量接受醋酸泼尼松治疗，一周后，患儿症状改善，并继续以相同的治疗方式直至出院。在每周随访期间，泼尼松的剂量逐渐减少。治疗3个月后，肿块消失，肿大的淋巴结变小，嗜酸性粒细胞减少至0.34 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L (6.8%)，免疫球蛋白IgE水平降至578 IU/mL。然而，患儿出现糖皮质激素有关的副作用如青光眼和高血压，随后醋酸泼尼松剂量减少至2.5 mg/d同时加用卡托普利(12.5 mg, bid, PO)用于控制高血压。三个月后，颈部和腋窝淋巴结肿大，皮疹再次出现，患儿被诊断为木村氏病复发，给予环孢菌素A (杭州中美华东制药有限公司，中国杭州)，初始剂量为4 mg/kg/d。为了预防环孢菌素A的副作用，环孢素A血药浓度控制在150~200 ng/mL之间。经过一个月的治疗后，增大的淋巴结和皮疹消失，尿蛋白转阴。在1年多的随访期间，患儿没有再次复发，与环孢素A相关的副作用没有出现，末次(2018年12月)复查时肝功没有异常，尿素氮及肌酐在正常范围内。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s5"><title>3. 讨论</title><p>木村病是以长期存在并表现为反复无痛性的头颈部皮下软组织肿物为主要表现的一种罕见的，临床少见的慢性炎症性疾病，以淋巴结、软组织及唾液腺损害为主的慢性免疫性疾病 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref5">5</xref>]。尽管人们普遍认为免疫系统在其发病机制中起重要作用 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref6">6</xref>]，但木村病的病因尚不清楚。大多数木村不患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞，肥大细胞和Th2细胞增加，免疫球蛋白IgE，IL-4，IL-5，IL-6和IL-13升高 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref7">7</xref>]。由于木村病主要发生在亚洲人后裔，所以这些人可能存在一致的致病基因。Yang [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref8">8</xref>] 对木村病患者的穿孔素基因编码区进行测序分析发现，木村病患者有穿孔素基因突变，但确切机制尚不清楚。其他原因如肿瘤，昆虫叮咬，寄生虫和感染 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref10">10</xref>] 也有报道。在这种情况下，患者表现为荨麻疹，外周血嗜酸粒细胞增多，血清免疫球蛋白IGE显著增加，淋巴细胞亚群中T辅助细胞和活化B细胞增加，表明患者可能有I型过敏反应。</p><p>木村病很罕见，主要发生在男性与女性比例为3.5:1-11:1的亚洲人中，年龄在20至50岁之间的患者占所有病例的70%，患有木村病的儿童非常罕见。从2001年到2011年，在中国 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref11">11</xref>] 报告了49例木村病，只有4例年龄小于14岁。病变多发生在头颈部淋巴结和/或皮下软组织，尤其是耳后和腮腺和下颌下腺区域。腮腺区占60.5%，其次是眼眶，颧骨，下颌，下颌和上臂区域 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref12">12</xref>]。偶尔也报道了鼻背，肱骨，纵隔，肺，肠系膜和足跟区的发现 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref14">14</xref>]。表现为无痛性肿块，活动度可，边界不清，与周围组织粘连。一些患有木村病的患者局部皮肤粗糙，有增厚，脱屑，色素沉着，皮疹，瘙痒，如本例所示。全身症状包括发热，哮喘，荨麻疹，其他过敏反应和血管炎，如雷诺现象和嗜酸性粒细胞性脂膜炎。文献报道的其他症状包括过敏反应，如支气管哮喘，过敏性鼻炎和特应性皮炎。所有这些发现都表明木村病可能与特应性过敏有关。</p><p>与木村病相关的肾脏损害并不少见，约12%~16%患有肾脏损害，其中59%~78%患有肾病综合征，肾损害的病理改变包括微小病变型肾小球肾炎，系膜增生型肾小球肾炎和膜性肾病，一些以肾脏损害为首发症状的患者易被误诊为肾脏疾病 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref15">15</xref>]。Liu [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref16">16</xref>] 报道了8例肾病综合征的木村氏病，其中5例尿蛋白水平与皮下结节的大小呈正相关，提示木村病可能是肾病综合征的危险因素。在Konishi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref17">17</xref>] 报道的一例木村病中，免疫球蛋白IgE水平升高，同时在组织活检中肾脏IgE，IgG沉积明显，这表明木村病可能导致肾脏损伤。当肾功能损害早于皮损的发生时，可能会发生误诊和不恰当的治疗。本报告中患儿24小时蛋白质水平达到20 mg/kg，尽管不符合肾脏损害的标准(150 mg/24小时)，但潜在的肾损伤可能性很高。逐渐增加的免疫球蛋白IgE水平和皮下结节也需要密切关注肾功能，以防止发生不可逆的肾损害。</p><p>木村病的诊断主要基于受影响组织的病理结果和实验室检查。外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞的绝对值和百分比升高，免疫球蛋白IgE显著增加，血清TNF-α，IL-4和IL-5水平的升高。影像学检查，即CT，MRI等对于木村病的诊断不是特异性的，而是提供病变或肿块的位置和大小及其与周围组织的关系。组织病理学改变包括淋巴结中具有反应性生发中心的滤泡增生，增生性小血管，病变部位的成熟嗜酸性粒细胞浸润，偶尔形成嗜酸性微小脓肿。</p><p>木村病发病率低，病因不明，发病机制尚不明确，临床表现不典型，易被误诊。目前的治疗包括手术，糖皮质激素，化疗和放疗。对于局部病变，手术治疗是首选，但大多数肿块难以完全切除，这使得术后复发的可能性很高。该患儿首次被误诊，手术切除肿块后，未用药时出现复发。Hong [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref18">18</xref>] 报道21例接受手术的木村氏病患者中，有5例在随访期间复发，但随访期间放疗联合手术无复发。糖皮质激素是治疗木村病最常用的药物，并且可以显著减少局部淋巴结病变。但是其副作用限制了其长期使用。在这种情况下，该患儿在治疗三个月后出现了青光眼和高血压，减少糖皮质激素后导致复发。环孢素A，霉酚酸酯和他克莫司作为免疫抑制剂主要用于肾脏受累的患者，Shao [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref19">19</xref>] 在木村病合并IgA肾病的患者中报道，用霉酚酸酯和厄贝沙坦治疗一个月后肾功能保持稳定。该患儿在第一次复发后，应用糖皮质激素出现激素相关副作用，减量后出现第二次复发，应用环孢素A (4 mg/kg/d)后可以达到良好的疗效。放疗也是一种治疗方法，推荐剂量为26~30 Gy，在一些回顾性分析发现，小剂量的放疗联合手术后可以提高治愈率 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref20">20</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref21">21</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref22">22</xref>]。然而，放疗对儿童的生长发育有不可逆的不良影响 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref23">23</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref24">24</xref>]。</p><p>大多数木村病患者预后良好，但有报道称，一名木村病患者出现弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref25">25</xref>]。EB病毒(EBV)被认为是与某些恶性肿瘤发展密切相关的病毒。EBV感染本身并不是肿瘤的指导原因，但它可以诱导癌基因，抑癌基因和免疫功能缺陷的异常表达，这可能随后引发和促进EBV相关肿瘤的发生 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref26">26</xref>]，EBV阳性的木村病患者预后差于EBV阴性的患者。在患者对糖皮质激素不敏感或不耐受或患有肾功能损害的患者中，预后通常较差，Rajpoot [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref5">5</xref>] 报道，一名呈现糖皮质激素和细胞毒类药物治疗不敏感的肾病综合征的亚洲男孩在治疗5年后发展为木村氏病并进展至终末期。Shao [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.36187-ref18">18</xref>] 报道，1例未经系统治疗的木村病患者6年后出现IgA肾病。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>4. 结论</title><p>如果患儿临床表现为头部和颈部出现肿块或淋巴结肿大，为单纯多发性淋巴结肿大而无明确原因证实与其外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增高或免疫球蛋白IgE水平显著升高相关，则应将木村氏病列入鉴别诊断。手术切除，糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂单独或联合应用可作为儿童患者的治疗。对于对糖皮质激素不敏感或不耐受的儿童，可选择免疫抑制剂如环孢素A可以获得持续和令人满意的结果。</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>同意书</title><p>该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>文章引用</title><p>全天文,宋爱琴. 儿童木村病合并肾脏损害病例报告并文献复习A Child with Kimura’s Disease Had Multiple Lymph Nodes Enlargement as the Initial Sign: A Case Report and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(06): 1039-1044. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.106157</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.36187-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hu, T., Shi, X.D. and Liu, R. 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