<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AMC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Material Chemistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2331-012X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/AMC.2020.84011</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AMC-38354</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>AMC20200400000_49547620.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>化学与材料</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  浅谈油水分离疏水材料合成理论
  On the Synthetic Theory of Hydrophobic Materials for Oil Water Separation
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>杨</surname><given-names>晨曦</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label><addr-line>陕西地建土地工程技术研究院有限责任公司，陕西 西安；陕西省土地工程建设集团有限责任公司，陕西 西安；自然资源部退化及未利用土地整治工程重点实验室，陕西 西安；陕西省土地整治工程技术研究中心，陕西 西安</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>08</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  
    油水分离是旨在解决工业含油废水和溢油污染以及环境保护的实际应用的重要领域，最近，对具有疏水性能的吸油材料在油水分离中的作用吸引了很多人注意。本文通过总结了用于油/水分离的疏水性吸油材料设计、制造和最新发展，介绍了设计思路，概述了其制造方法，并讨论了特殊的润湿性对分离的作用。最后，讨论了该主题的挑战和未来展望。
    Oil/water separation is an important field for the practical application of industrial oily wastewater and oil spill pollution. Recently, the role of oil-absorbing materials with hydrophobic properties in oil-water separation has attracted a lot of attention. This paper summarizes the design, manufacture and latest development of hydrophobic oil-absorbing materials for oil/water separation, introduces the design ideas, outlines the manufacturing methods, and discusses the effects of special wettability on separation. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of the topic are discussed. 
  
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>油水分离，疏水，改性, Oil/Water Separation</kwd><kwd> Hydrophobic</kwd><kwd> Modification</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>摘要</title><p>油水分离是旨在解决工业含油废水和溢油污染以及环境保护的实际应用的重要领域，最近，对具有疏水性能的吸油材料在油水分离中的作用吸引了很多人注意。本文通过总结了用于油/水分离的疏水性吸油材料设计、制造和最新发展，介绍了设计思路，概述了其制造方法，并讨论了特殊的润湿性对分离的作用。最后，讨论了该主题的挑战和未来展望。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>关键词</title><p>油水分离，疏水，改性</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>On the Synthetic Theory of Hydrophobic Materials for Oil Water Separation<sup> </sup></title><p>Chenxi Yang<sup>1,2,3,4</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an Shaanxi</p><p><sup>2</sup>Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an Shaanxi</p><p><sup>3</sup>Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Land and Resources, Xi’an Shaanxi</p><p><sup>4</sup>Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Xi’an Shaanxi</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-3010095x4_hanspub.png" /></p><p>Received: Oct. 2<sup>nd</sup>, 2020; accepted: Oct. 21<sup>st</sup>, 2020; published: Oct. 28<sup>th</sup>, 2020</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-3010095x5_hanspub.png" /></p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>Oil/water separation is an important field for the practical application of industrial oily wastewater and oil spill pollution. Recently, the role of oil-absorbing materials with hydrophobic properties in oil-water separation has attracted a lot of attention. This paper summarizes the design, manufacture and latest development of hydrophobic oil-absorbing materials for oil/water separation, introduces the design ideas, outlines the manufacturing methods, and discusses the effects of special wettability on separation. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of the topic are discussed.</p><p>Keywords:Oil/Water Separation, Hydrophobic, Modification</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.38354-formula91"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-3010095x6_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-3010095x7_hanspub.png" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/4-3010095x8_hanspub.png" /></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>1. 引言</title><p>原油是一种重要的自然资源，它在人类的发展中扮演了极其重要的角色。然而，随着在原油运输过程中溢油问题的频发，原油会对生态系统造成重大的危害。基于溢油问题的频发和工业废水中有机类溶剂的难以处理，发展先进的材料与技术来处理溢油问题及水体中有机溶剂的泄漏。目前对于溢油问题及水体中有机溶剂的处理有以下几种方法：1. 化学法；2. 原味燃烧法；3. 生物治理法；4. 机械回收法 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref1">1</xref>]。在这些方法和技术中，由于吸附剂材料的使用便捷、可重复使用等特性吸引了众多科学家的关注。</p><p>在处理溢油问题中，良好的吸附剂具有疏水性与亲脂性和高吸油倍率与低能耗 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref3">3</xref>]。传统的吸附剂如矿物材料、植物材料等都具有油水分离效率低、低吸油倍率等缺点。为了合成出大量的超疏水、超亲脂、可完全降解等材料，大量的改性方法被应用到油脂吸附剂中 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref5">5</xref>]。因此本文通过对吸油类吸附剂概述总结，通过吸附剂表面考量、合成方法、基材的选择等方面进行介绍，并对目前存在的问题进行分析。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>2. 吸附剂表面性质</title><p>对于解决海面溢油及含油废水的吸油材料，疏水与亲脂是吸附剂表面最重要的性质，这种特质使得材料具有良好的油水分离特性。通常材料表面润湿性能由材料表面能与粗糙度决定。因此合成超疏水亲脂材料应从这两个方面考虑。</p><p>固体表面的润湿性能是通过表面化学组成与结构来形成的，通过调节表面粗糙度与表面化学组成可以改变固体物质的润湿性能。润湿性能通常是用接触角θ描述的，通过液滴在固体表面的浸润性描述液滴与固体表面的接触情况：</p><p>在研究润湿性能时，通常，对于光滑的表面润湿角是通过杨氏方程来研究的，它是作为一种表面润湿行为的理论准则的。</p><p>cos θ = σ s v − σ s l σ l v (1)</p><p>σ<sub>sv</sub>、σ<sub>sl</sub>、σ<sub>lv</sub>分别是固/气、固/液、液/气界面间的张力。然而在实际研究中，物体表面实际上不是完全光滑的，因此杨氏方程并不能完全适用于实际研究中。为了改变这一方程的缺点，Wenzel方程给出了液滴在粗糙均匀的表面上接触角θ<sub>r</sub>：</p><p>cos θ w = r cos θ (2)</p><p>r代表粗糙因子，θ<sub>w</sub>和θ分别代表在粗糙表面的接触角和在光滑表面的杨氏接触角，对于材料的接触角小于90˚，真实的接触角θ<sub>w</sub>将会随着表面粗糙度的增加而减少。为了更深入的了解材料的润湿性，Cassie提出了一个新的关于均匀粗糙和低表面能的材料接触角的方程：</p><p>cos θ c = f ( cos θ + 1 ) − 1 (3)</p><p>f是固体表面与液体接触的分数，气体与液体表面接触的分数是1 − f，θ和θ<sub>c</sub>分别代表在光滑和粗糙表面的接触角。根据Wenzel和Cassie方程可以看出一个粗糙的表面结构不仅可以使疏水表面变得更疏水，还可以使光滑的亲脂表面变得更加亲脂 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref1">1</xref>]。</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>3. 降低吸油剂表面能材料</title><sec id="s7_1"><title>3.1. 有机硅烷类</title><p>在改性策略中，有机硅烷作为一种较为廉价且使用便捷的改性剂收到了良好的成效 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref6">6</xref>]。在改性过程中，DTMS、PMSQ、TEOS、MHS等都可以赋予基材表面疏水/亲脂的特性，这是由于使用硅烷改性剂为材料表面引入了长链烷基，降低了材料表面的能量，使材料表面具有更低的表面能，从而有着疏水/亲脂性，表1列出了以Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>为基材，利用硅烷类改性剂原位聚合所得的材料接触角为161˚。</p><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Contact angles of different substrates and modification method</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >改性种类</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >基材</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >改性方法</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >接触角(˚)</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >硅烷类</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >原位聚合</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >161</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >全氟硅烷</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >木棉纤维</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >浸涂法</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >142</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >苯乙烯单体</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >碳纳米管</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >接枝聚合</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >152</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表1. 不同基材与改性方法的接触角</p></sec><sec id="s7_2"><title>3.2. 氟聚合物</title><p>氟聚合物也是一个亲水表面转化为疏水亲脂表面，这是由于−CF<sub>2−</sub>、CF<sub>3−</sub>官能团降低了材料表面能 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref7">7</xref>]。常见的氟类聚合物改性剂一般有PTEF、PVDF，表1列出了以木棉纤维为基材，利用全氟硅烷改性剂原位聚合所得的材料接触角为142˚。</p></sec><sec id="s7_3"><title>3.3. 有机单体</title><p>低表面能的有机单体是有长的有机脂肪链的物质，包括脂肪胺，膦酸，酚类，硬脂酰氯等。增加脂肪链的长度和密度都可以增加疏水性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref8">8</xref>]。在进行有机单体交联的过程中，向材料表面引入基团的同时会使材料表面形貌发生变化，这种变化一般是使材料表面具有粗糙的结构，因此引入有机单体不但引入了低表面能官能团，还使基材表面变得粗糙，这两个作用共同使得疏水作用增强，从而提高了材料对于油品的相容性，提高了吸附性能。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s8"><title>4. 使材料表面粗糙的方法</title><sec id="s8_1"><title>4.1. 蚀刻法</title><p>蚀刻法是运用化学或物理的方法使材料表面的部分组成消失，变得粗糙。一般的蚀刻法有电化学蚀刻、超声辅助蚀刻、光蚀刻、化学蚀刻、等离子体蚀刻等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref9">9</xref>]。通过蚀刻，可以得到不同粗糙度的材料。例如，Xue等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref9">9</xref>] 人通过碱蚀刻制造粗糙的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)织物，较低聚合度的PET被氢氧化钠溶解，从而在表面上留下无数的凹坑，通过改变蚀刻条件，可以获得不同程度的粗糙度。</p></sec><sec id="s8_2"><title>4.2. 微粒组装法</title><p>在平滑的表面基质上接枝额外的微粒，如物理气相沉积法、浸涂法、喷涂法等。例如将正硅酸乙酯水解将二氧化硅纳米微粒组装在材料表面，使材料表面具有较大的粗糙度。Yu等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref10">10</xref>] 通过将海绵浸入而具有粗糙表面的疏水性聚合物中，合成含有SiO<sub>2</sub>纳米颗粒(NPs)和PDMS的混合物，SiO<sub>2</sub> NPs紧密结合到海绵上PDMS的骨架，最终形成超疏水海绵。</p></sec><sec id="s8_3"><title>4.3. 原位生长法</title><p>原位生长法是直接在平滑的材料表面生长出纳米晶体，一般常用的方法有氧化-还原法、化学气相沉积、电组装。等离子体组装和聚合等方法。例如，将Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>纳米棒通过原位氧化法均匀的组装在铜网表面，致密Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>纳米棒的涂层均匀地缠绕在铜线上，提高了铜网的粗糙度，从而提高了疏水性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.38354-ref11">11</xref>]。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s9"><title>5. 结论与展望</title><p>疏水亲脂的吸油性材料制备一般从表面能与表面粗糙度两个方面进行改性，基于以上两点，吸油材料可通过基底改性策略合成，其中主要的方法是为基底表面引入低表面能的官能团和使基底表面粗糙。除了改性合成吸附材料外，许多新型溶胀型材料、多孔材料等吸附剂由于其质轻、低密度、孔隙率高等特点备受青睐。</p><p>尽管近年来合成出大量高性能的吸附剂，但是对于粘性较大的油脂、有机溶剂等仍然没有很好的吸附剂处理，因此合成可吸附高粘性有机溶剂的吸附剂成为未来的一大研究热点。此外，合成具有特殊功能的吸附剂也有着光明的前景。如合成耐腐蚀、耐高温、耐低温等特殊功能的吸附剂在未来会有更多的应用。</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>文章引用</title><p>杨晨曦. 浅谈油水分离疏水材料合成理论On the Synthetic Theory of Hydrophobic Materials for Oil 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