<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CMP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Condensed Matter Physics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2326-3512</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/CMP.2022.112004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">CMP-51840</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>CMP20220200000_82300433.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>数学与物理</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  第一性原理计算Ti元素含量对高熵合金AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的力学性能的影响
  First-Principle Calculation of the Effect of Ti Content on the Mechanical Properties of High Entropy Alloy AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>王</surname><given-names>兰馨</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>姚</surname><given-names>山</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>温</surname><given-names>斌</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>大连理工大学材料科学与工程学院，辽宁 大连</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><addr-line>燕山大学亚稳材料制备技术与科学国家重点实验室，河北 秦皇岛</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>运城学院机电工程系，山西 运城</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>02</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  已有研究表明AlFeTiCrZnCu高熵合金是简单的立方晶体结构，为了进一步研究元素含量对其的影响，本文采用基于平面波赝势，并结合广义梯度近似(GGA)的第一性原理密度泛函理论从头计算方法，在立方结构晶胞的单个原子上用虚拟晶体近似(VCA)的方法建立高熵合金长程结构的固溶体模型，计算了高熵合金AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的密度、晶格常数、弹性常数、弹性模量及生成热。计算结果表明，高熵合金AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的晶格常数随着Ti元素含量的增大而增大，密度随之减小；Ti元素含量的增加可以适当提高高熵合金AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的力学稳定性；高熵合金AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的脆/韧性也因为Ti元素含量不同或是脆/韧性判据不同而有所差异；高熵合金AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的体系稳定性及热力学稳定性并没有随着Ti元素含量的增加而改变，只是有所下降。
   Previous studies have shown that AlFeTiCrZnCu high entropy alloys (HEAs) are simple cubic crystal structure. In order to future study the effect of Ti content on high entropy alloys, the lattice parameter, mass density, elastic constant, elastic modulus, and the heats of formation for the high entropy alloys AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu with the different Ti content were studied by density functional theory of first principle and plane-wave pseudopotential technique with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The crystal structure was built with the Virtual Crystal Approximation (VCA). The calculated results indicate that the lattice parameter of HEA AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu increases with the increasing mole fraction of Ti, and the mass density decreases. The mechanical stability of HEA AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu can be improved with the increase of Ti. The brittleness/toughness of HEA AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu also varies with the content of Ti or the brittleness/toughness criterion. The system stability and thermodynamic stability of HEA AlFeTi
  <sub>x</sub>CrZnCu did not change with the increase of Ti, but only decrease.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>高熵合金，第一性原理，生成热, High Entropy Alloy</kwd><kwd> First Principle</kwd><kwd> Heat of Formation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>摘要</title><p>已有研究表明AlFeTiCrZnCu高熵合金是简单的立方晶体结构，为了进一步研究元素含量对其的影响，本文采用基于平面波赝势，并结合广义梯度近似(GGA)的第一性原理密度泛函理论从头计算方法，在立方结构晶胞的单个原子上用虚拟晶体近似(VCA)的方法建立高熵合金长程结构的固溶体模型，计算了高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的密度、晶格常数、弹性常数、弹性模量及生成热。计算结果表明，高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的晶格常数随着Ti元素含量的增大而增大，密度随之减小；Ti元素含量的增加可以适当提高高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的力学稳定性；高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的脆/韧性也因为Ti元素含量不同或是脆/韧性判据不同而有所差异；高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的体系稳定性及热力学稳定性并没有随着Ti元素含量的增加而改变，只是有所下降。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>关键词</title><p>高熵合金，第一性原理，生成热</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>First-Principle Calculation of the Effect of Ti Content on the Mechanical Properties of High Entropy Alloy AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu<sup> </sup></title><p>Lanxin Wang<sup>1</sup>, Shan Yao<sup>2</sup>, Bin Wen<sup>3</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Department, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng Shanxi</p><p><sup>2</sup>School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning</p><p><sup>3</sup>State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao Hebei</p><p>Received: Apr. 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2022; accepted: May 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2022; published: May 30<sup>th</sup>, 2022</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>Previous studies have shown that AlFeTiCrZnCu high entropy alloys (HEAs) are simple cubic crystal structure. In order to future study the effect of Ti content on high entropy alloys, the lattice parameter, mass density, elastic constant, elastic modulus, and the heats of formation for the high entropy alloys AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu with the different Ti content were studied by density functional theory of first principle and plane-wave pseudopotential technique with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The crystal structure was built with the Virtual Crystal Approximation (VCA). The calculated results indicate that the lattice parameter of HEA AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu increases with the increasing mole fraction of Ti, and the mass density decreases. The mechanical stability of HEA AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu can be improved with the increase of Ti. The brittleness/toughness of HEA AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu also varies with the content of Ti or the brittleness/toughness criterion. The system stability and thermodynamic stability of HEA AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu did not change with the increase of Ti, but only decrease.</p><p>Keywords:High Entropy Alloy, First Principle, Heat of Formation</p><p>Copyright &#169; 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/3-2590145x5_hanspub.png?20220531105507299" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/3-2590145x6_hanspub.png?20220531105507299" /></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>1. 引言</title><p>传统合金的研发一直局限于以一种或二种金属元素为主的思路内，多主元高熵合金就是20世纪90年代左右由叶均蔚提出的一种新的合金设计理念 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref5">5</xref>]。就目前已有的研究成果来说，高熵合金可以定义为由5到13种金属元素以等原子比或近似等原子比(各组元金属原子百分比一般不超过35%)合金化后，混合熵高于熔化熵而形成的固溶体结构的合金 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref8">8</xref>]。研究发现，由于高熵合金跟传统合金相比是由多种金属元素组成，因此体现出了多种元素因集体效应而表现的高熵效应，多种金属原子之间虽然排列混乱，但是呈现出的却是非常简单的结晶相 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref4">4</xref>]。这种高熵效应不但可以使合金微结构简化，还会使结构更加倾向于纳米化或者是非晶化 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref6">6</xref>]。除此之外，研究还表明高熵合金具有动力学上的迟滞扩散效应、结构上的晶格畸变效应以及“鸡尾酒”效应 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref8">8</xref>]。正是因为这几种效应的共同作用，高熵合金表现出了许多优良特性，如高耐腐蚀性、高耐热性、高强度、高硬度 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref8">8</xref>] 等，因此跟传统合金相比具有较好的优越性和比较大的发展应用空间。但是目前针对高熵合金的研究大都集中在制备方法、微观结构或是宏观力学性能上，2004年叶均蔚团队采用真空熔炼法首次合成了AlCoCrCuFeNi合金 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref8">8</xref>]，然后对其各种性能进行了研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref12">12</xref>]。2008年印度科学家通过跟真空熔炼法不同的机械合金化方法制得了AlFeTiCrZnCu高熵合金 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref13">13</xref>]，并通过实验研究了其力学性能及热固结性能 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref14">14</xref>]。两项研究结果发现AlFeTiCrZnCu高熵合金系是简单结构的体心立方晶体，所含六种金属元素之间没有形成结构复杂的金属间化合物，致密性很好，并且具有较高的硬度。</p><p>2014年科学家偶然之间发现了一种由FeMnCoCr组成的高熵合金 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref15">15</xref>]，这种合金在冷轧退火之后同时具有了较高的强度及较好的延展性。这一发现完全颠覆了材料科学领域中的一个经典常识，强度越高延展性就越差。科学家们认为高熵合金这种独特的行为机制可能源于这种材料具有多种原子重排方式，因而具有多种防止裂纹扩散的机制，从而让合金能够吸收所受的冲击。在相变之前，合金内部实际包含了两种具有不同晶体结构的高熵合金。而在变形之后，高熵合金的晶体结构发生了变化，并表现出不同寻常的高延展性与高强度的组合。已有研究大都是通过实验来研究高熵合金中的金属元素含量对其的影响规律，实验的工作量比较大，而且实验过程中会存在很大的不确定性。为了更好地了解高熵合金的影响机制，希望通过理论计算的结果来解释高熵合金的某些性能。基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理从头计算的方法是量子力学中一种研究多电子体系的方法，该方法不需要任何参数，只要一些基本的物理量就可以计算出体系基态的性质。通过理论计算可以从微观层面来讨论金属的宏观特性，广泛应用于分子或是凝聚态的性能研究中。已有研究如第一性原理计算Al-Ni系 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref16">16</xref>]、Ca-X系 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref17">17</xref>] 及Al-Ru系金属间化合物 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref18">18</xref>]、CaTiO<sub>3</sub>缺陷及掺杂 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref19">19</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref20">20</xref>]、Mn掺杂GaN(11-00)薄膜的磁性能 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref21">21</xref>] 及原子电子结构 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref22">22</xref>] 等等。Ti元素本身是密排六方的晶体结构，密度为4.506 g/cm<sup>3</sup>，相较于高熵合金AlFeTiCrZnCu中的其它元素来说只比Al元素的密度大。本文建立高熵合金AlFeTiCrZnCu的第一性原理晶体结构模型，计算高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的晶体结构及性能，希望能进一步了解Ti元素含量对高熵合金AlFeTiCrZnCu的影响。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>2. 计算方法</title><p>本文的第一性原理密度泛函理论计算是采用Accelrys公司出品的Materials Studio软件中的CASTEP (Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package)模块 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref23">23</xref>]，它是基于平面波赝势的方法，高熵合金的长程固溶体结构模型采用虚拟晶体近似VCA(Virtual Crystal Approximation) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref25">25</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref26">26</xref>] 的方法建立。印度科学家的研究表明高熵合金AlFeTiCrZnCu是简单的体心立方(Body-centered Cubic, BCC)晶体结构 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref14">14</xref>]，是不完全有序的，在建模的过程中可能会产生所谓“虚拟原子” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref25">25</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref27">27</xref>]，而长程的超胞结构模型在计算过程中也会累积误差 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref28">28</xref>]，为了避免这些情况，本文在单个BCC晶胞的每个原子上都采用VCA的方法，如图1所示，这种方法避免了建立超胞的长程结构所带来的计算过程复杂、计算时间过长及误差累积的缺点。</p><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Mole fraction and percentage of Ti, and percentage of other element</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素百分含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >其它元素百分含量</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >20</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >18.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16.67</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >28.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >14.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >37.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >12.5</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表1. Ti元素的摩尔含量、相应的百分含量及其它元素的百分含量</p><p>表1中列出了高熵合金AlFeTiCrZnCu中Ti元素的摩尔含量不同时相对应的百分含量及其它金属元素相应的百分含量。图1是以BCC晶体结构的高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>0.5</sub>CrZnCu为例，其中Ti元素摩尔含量为0.5，百分含量是9%，其余金属元素的百分含量均为18.2%。即BCC晶体中每个原子都含有9%的Ti元素，其它5种元素含量为18.2%。</p><p>计算过程中选择广义梯度近似(General Gradient Approximation, GGA) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref28">28</xref>] 下的质子平衡方程PBE (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof)泛函 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref29">29</xref>] 来设置电子–电子之间的交换–相关函数，电子–离子间相互作用选择第一性原理中的模守恒赝势(Norm-conserving Pseudopotential, NCP) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref30">30</xref>] 来处理，展开的平面波函数截断能取为770 eV，倒空间中k点网格间距为默认设置的0.4 &#197;<sup>−1</sup>，电子极小化为默认的Pulay混合，选择10 &#215; 10 &#215; 10的剖分网格。</p><p>选择以上计算参数验证晶体结构的计算准确性。采用以上参数计算BCC晶体结构的Fe元素的晶格常数为2.84 &#197;，与实验值2.87 &#197; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref31">31</xref>] 接近，误差为0.79%，说明上述计算参数选择比较合理。</p><p>图1. VCA方法建立高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>0.5</sub>CrZnCu的结构模型</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>3. 结果与讨论</title><sec id="s7_1"><title>3.1. 结构性质</title><p>采用以上参数设置，优化了高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的晶体结构，优化后高熵合金的密度及晶格常数在表2中。图2表示高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu晶格常数及密度与Ti元素之间的关系。由表2及图2可以看出，AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu高熵合金的晶格常数随着Ti元素的增大而增大，密度随着Ti元素的增大而减小。这可能是由于高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的六种组成元素中Ti元素为六方密排结构，且Ti元素密度也比较小。</p><table-wrap id="table2" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref></label><caption><title> Lattice parameters and mass densities for the HEA AlFeTixCrZnCu (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >晶格常数&#197;</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >密度g/cm<sup>3</sup></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.794</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >8.027</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.801</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.911</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.809</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.777</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.818</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.662</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.826</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.553</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.847</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.331</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表2. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的晶格常数和密度(x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3)</p></sec><sec id="s7_2"><title>3.2. 弹性性质</title><p>通过对优化后高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的晶体结构进行计算，得到了高熵合金AlFeTiCrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的弹性常数C<sub>ij</sub>、体积弹性模量K、杨氏模量E、泊松比v。不同Ti元素含量的高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的弹性常数C<sub>ij</sub>列于表3中，因为已有研究表明该合金的晶体结构是简单的立方晶系，因此弹性常数只有C<sub>11</sub>、C<sub>12</sub>及C<sub>44</sub>三个。弹性常数不但是表征材料弹性的量，还决定了其力学稳定性，力学</p><p>图2. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的晶格常数和密度与Ti含量的关系</p><p>稳定性是指在外力作用下，材料仍然保持原有状态的能力，根据金属材料立方晶系的力学稳定性判据 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref32">32</xref>]：</p><p>C 11 &gt; 0 ,   C 44 &gt; 0 ,   C 11 + C 12 &gt; 0 ,   C 11 − C 12 &gt; 0 (1)</p><p>在高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu中不含有Ti元素或是Ti元素含量比较小时，并不符合力学稳定性判据，只有Ti元素摩尔含量为2和3时，高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu才符合力学稳定性判据，说明增加Ti元素含量可以适当提高该合金的力学稳定性。</p><table-wrap id="table3" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref></label><caption><title> Elastic constants (Cij) of the HEA AlFeTiCrZnCu (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3) (GPa</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>11</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>12</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>44</sub></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−205.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >790.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >268.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−12.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >678.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >257.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >158.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >557.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >174.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >398.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >415.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >201.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >457.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >364.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >226.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >620.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >237.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >276.3</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表3. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的弹性常数(C<sub>ij</sub>) (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3) (GPa)</p><table-wrap id="table4" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref></label><caption><title> Young’s modulus (E, GPa), bulk modulus (K, GPa), and Poisson’s ratios of HEA AlFeTixCrZnCu (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >E</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >K</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >v</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−2341.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >458.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.35</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−1395.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >447.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−708.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >424.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.79</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−25.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >409.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >134.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >395.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >488.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >365.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.27</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表4. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的杨氏模量E (GPa)、体积弹性模量K (GPa)、泊松比v (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3)</p><p>图3. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的杨氏模量E、体积弹性模量K随Ti含量的变化</p><table-wrap id="table5" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table5">Table 5</xref></label><caption><title> Bulk modulus K of the HEA AlFeTixCrZnCu by VRH approximation (GPa) (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >K<sub>V</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >K<sub>R</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >K<sub>H</sub></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >458.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >458.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >458.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >447.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >447.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >447.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >424.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >424.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >424.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >409.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >409.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >409.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >395.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >395.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >395.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >365.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >365.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >365.1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表5. 采用VRH近似计算高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZn<sub>x</sub>Cu的体积弹性模量K (GPa) (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3)</p><table-wrap id="table6" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table6">Table 6</xref></label><caption><title> Shear modulus G of the HEA AlFeTixCrZnxCuby VRH approximation (GPa) (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >G<sub>V</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >G<sub>R</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >G<sub>H</sub></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−50.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >619.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >284.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−34.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >435.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >200.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >701.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >363.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >149.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−22.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >63.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >173.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >91.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >132.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >242.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >237.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >238.6</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表6. 采用VRH近似计算高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZn<sub>x</sub>Cu的剪切模量G (GPa) (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3)</p><table-wrap id="table7" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table7">Table 7</xref></label><caption><title> Poisson’s ratios v, ratios of shear modulus G to bulk modulus K for the HEA AlFeTixCrZnCu (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >v</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >G/K</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.62</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.45</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.85</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.33</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.65</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表7. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的泊松比v、剪切模量G与体积弹性模量K的比值(x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3)</p><p>表4中列出了高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的杨氏模量E、体积弹性模量K、泊松比v。杨氏模量E (Young’s modulus)是纵向的弹性模量，即金属材料在弹性限度内抵御抗压或抗拉的物理量，是外力作用下单向拉压的正应力与线应变的比值。它是衡量金属材料产生弹性变形的难易程度，当杨氏模量E越大，金属材料在纵向产生弹性变形所需的应力就越大，金属材料的刚度就越大，即在一定应力作用下，产生的弹性变形就越小。</p><p>从表4中可以看出，AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu高熵合金只有在Ti元素摩尔含量为2，3时杨氏模量为正值，说明Ti元素含量的增加可以减小高熵合金的弹性变形。体积弹性模量K是弹性体受到静水压时与体积应变的比值，是反映金属材料抵抗断裂能力的弹性模量。从表4及图3可以看出，Ti元素含量的增加减小了高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的体积弹性模量，因此Ti元素含量的增加会降低高熵合金抵抗断裂的能力。</p><p>为了进一步了解高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同的力学性能，采用Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH)近似 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref33">33</xref>] 计算的体积弹性模量K<sub>V</sub>、K<sub>R</sub>、K<sub>H</sub>，剪切模量G<sub>V</sub>、G<sub>R</sub>、G<sub>H</sub>结果列于表5及表6中。由表5计算结果可以看出采用VRH近似计算高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu不同Ti元素含量时的体积弹性模量K并无明显差别，但是表6中的剪切模量G的计算结果相差很大，在Ti元素含量较少或是不含Ti元素时剪切模量出现了负值。</p><p>此外泊松比v、剪切模量G与体积弹性模量K的比值是决定金属材料的脆/韧性的物理量。研究表明泊松比v为0.33左右时金属为韧性材料，其余为脆性材料 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref34">34</xref>]；以剪切模量G与体积弹性模量K的比值为判断依据时，以0.57作为分界点，小于0.57时为韧性材料，大于0.57时为脆性材料 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.51840-ref35">35</xref>]。</p><p>高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的泊松比v及剪切模量与体积弹性模量的比值计算结果在表7中。由表7中的计算可以看出，判断金属材料脆/韧性如果以泊松比v作为依据时，高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu都是脆性材料，与Ti元素含量无关；而以剪切模量与体积弹性模量的比值作为判定依据时，AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu高熵合金只有在Ti的摩尔含量为0.5、1.5或2时为韧性材料。很显然金属材料的脆/韧性判定依据不同时，合金的脆/韧性就不同。这是因为泊松比v是金属材料单向受拉压时横向正应变与纵向正应变的比值，是金属材料弹性常数中反映横向变形的，但是剪切模量是材料弹性限度内切应力与切应变的比值，是纵向变形的弹性常数，是衡量金属材料抵抗切应变的能力。</p></sec><sec id="s7_3"><title>3.3. 生成热</title><p>优化高熵合金AlFeTixCrZnCu及该合金所含金属元素单质晶体结构之后，得到了AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的平衡晶格结构及基态总能量。本文中生成热可以下式算出：</p><p>E f r o m = E t o t a l − ( ∑ x e l e E e l e ) / ( ∑ x e l e ) (2)</p><p>公式(2)中，E<sub>form</sub>为生成热，E<sub>total</sub>为基态总能量，x<sub>ele</sub>为金属元素单质的摩尔含量，E<sub>ele</sub>是平衡晶体结构下单个晶胞的能量。高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu在Ti元素含量不同时的基态总能量及生成热计算结果列于表8中，图4表示基态总能量和生成热随着Ti元素含量的变化。</p><p>金属材料的热力学稳定性是生成的物质能不能转化成其它物质或是其本身有没有自发反应的趋势，这跟吉布斯自由能有关，而生成热和温度共同决定了吉布斯自由能。本文的第一性原理密度泛函理论是一种从头计算的方法，该方法的特点就是没有经验参数，默认温度无变化。既然没有温度影响，本文中高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的影响热力学稳定性的吉布斯自由能就只与生成热有关。表8中计算结果表明高熵合金不同Ti元素含量时的基态总能量均为负值。基态是指正常状态下，原子在最低能级，这时电子在离核最近的轨道上运动，这种定态称为基态。基态是电子的稳定状态，因此体系的稳定性就与基态总能量有关。高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的基态总能量计算结果均为负值说明高熵合金的体系是比较稳定的，与Ti元素含量没有关系，而高熵合金体系的稳定说明结构内并没有形成复杂相的金属间化合物，是简单的立方结构。高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的生成热计算结果也均为负值，说明高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的热力学稳定性也较好，Ti元素含量并没有影响。由图4发现，随着Ti元素含量增大，高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的基态总能量及生成热都提高，AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu高熵合金的体系稳定性及热力学稳定性会降低。</p><table-wrap id="table8" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table8">Table 8</xref></label><caption><title> The total energies (eV) and the heat of formation (kJ/mol) for the HEA AlFeTixCrZnCu (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Ti元素摩尔含量</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >基态总能量eV</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >生成热kJ/mol</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−448</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−5752</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−405.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−4191</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−370.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−2991</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−343.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−2109</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−320.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−1412</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−284.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >−601</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表8. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的基态总能量(eV)及生成热(kJ/mol) (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3)</p><p>图4. 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的基态总能量及生成热随Ti含量的变化</p></sec></sec><sec id="s8"><title>4. 结论</title><p>1) 高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的晶格常数随着Ti元素含量的增加而增大，密度随之减小；</p><p>2) 通过计算不同Ti元素含量的高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的弹性常数，发现Ti元素含量增加会提高其力学稳定性；但是脆/韧性会因为Ti元素含量或是脆/韧性判据不同而不同；</p><p>3) 本文设置的计算参数下，Ti元素含量的增加并没有改变高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的体系稳定性及热力学稳定性，只是使其有所降低。</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>基金项目</title><p>山西省科技重大专项项目资助(项目号20201102003)，运城学院博士科研启动项目(项目号YQ-2017020)。</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>文章引用</title><p>王兰馨,姚 山,温 斌. 第一性原理计算Ti元素含量对高熵合金AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu的力学性能的影响First-Principle Calculation of the Effect of Ti Content on the Mechanical Properties of High Entropy Alloy AlFeTi<sub>x</sub>CrZnCu[J]. 凝聚态物理学进展, 2022, 11(02): 28-37. 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