<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Material Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2160-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/MS.2023.1312125</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">MS-78242</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>MS20231200000_55496269.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>化学与材料</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>氧化丙烷催化剂研究进展
   Advances in Catalysts for CO
  <sub>2</sub> Oxidation of Propane
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>洪</surname><given-names>广</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label><addr-line>成都大学，机械工程学院，四川 成都</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1124</fpage><lpage>1135</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  由于丙烯需求的快速增长和含丙烷页岩气的勘探，丙烷脱氢制取丙烯工艺越来越受到人们关注，丙烷直接脱氢制丙烯(DHP)提供了较高的丙烷收率，但由于焦炭的形成容易导致催化剂快速失活。
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>辅助丙烷脱氢(CO
  <sub>2</sub>-ODHP)是一种很有前景的实现高量产丙烯和
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>利用的技术。近年来对
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>-ODP反应的探索结果表明反应机理限制、
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>利用率低、快速失活仍是限制金属氧化物基催化剂发展的主要因素。金属基催化剂因其独特的性能可以通过催化剂设计调控丙烷脱氢复杂的反应偏向，是未来采用丙烷催化制备丙烯，解决焦炭和烧结问题，提高丙烷脱氢制丙烯产率的一种重要手段。
   Due to the rapid growth of propylene demand and the exploration of propane-containing shale gas, the process of propane dehydrogenation to propylene has received increasing attention. Direct dehy-drogenation of propane to propylene (DHP) provides high propane yields but is prone to rapid catalyst deactivation due to coke formation. 
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>-assisted dehydrogenation of propane (
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>-ODHP) is a promising technology to achieve high volume production of propylene and 
  CO
  <sub>2</sub> utilization. The results of exploring the 
  CO
  <sub>2</sub>-ODHP reaction in recent years indicate that reaction mechanism limitation, low
  CO
  <sub>2</sub> utilization, and rapid deactivation are still the main factors for the development of metal oxide-based catalysts. Metal-based catalysts, due to their unique properties, can be used to modulate the complex reaction bias of propane dehydrogenation through the design of catalyst, which is an important means to solve the coke and sintering problems and increase the yield of propylene from propane dehydrogenation in the future by using propane catalytic preparation of propylene.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>丙烷，丙烯，金属催化剂，二氧化碳,  Propane</kwd><kwd> Propylene</kwd><kwd> Metal Catalysts</kwd><kwd> Carbon Dioxide</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>摘要</title><p>由于丙烯需求的快速增长和含丙烷页岩气的勘探，丙烷脱氢制取丙烯工艺越来越受到人们关注，丙烷直接脱氢制丙烯(DHP)提供了较高的丙烷收率，但由于焦炭的形成容易导致催化剂快速失活。CO<sub>2</sub>辅助丙烷脱氢(CO<sub>2</sub>-ODHP)是一种很有前景的实现高量产丙烯和CO<sub>2</sub>利用的技术。近年来对CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应的探索结果表明反应机理限制、CO<sub>2</sub>利用率低、快速失活仍是限制金属氧化物基催化剂发展的主要因素。金属基催化剂因其独特的性能可以通过催化剂设计调控丙烷脱氢复杂的反应偏向，是未来采用丙烷催化制备丙烯，解决焦炭和烧结问题，提高丙烷脱氢制丙烯产率的一种重要手段。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>关键词</title><p>丙烷，丙烯，金属催化剂，二氧化碳</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Advances in Catalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> Oxidation of Propane<sup> </sup></title><p>Guang Hong</p><p>College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu Sichuan</p><p>Received: Nov. 15<sup>th</sup>, 2023; accepted: Dec. 21<sup>st</sup>, 2023; published: Dec. 28<sup>th</sup>, 2023</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>Due to the rapid growth of propylene demand and the exploration of propane-containing shale gas, the process of propane dehydrogenation to propylene has received increasing attention. Direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene (DHP) provides high propane yields but is prone to rapid catalyst deactivation due to coke formation. CO<sub>2</sub>-assisted dehydrogenation of propane (CO<sub>2</sub>-ODHP) is a promising technology to achieve high volume production of propylene and CO<sub>2</sub> utilization. The results of exploring the CO<sub>2</sub>-ODHP reaction in recent years indicate that reaction mechanism limitation, low CO<sub>2 </sub>utilization, and rapid deactivation are still the main factors for the development of metal oxide-based catalysts. Metal-based catalysts, due to their unique properties, can be used to modulate the complex reaction bias of propane dehydrogenation through the design of catalyst, which is an important means to solve the coke and sintering problems and increase the yield of propylene from propane dehydrogenation in the future by using propane catalytic preparation of propylene.</p><p>Keywords:Propane, Propylene, Metal Catalysts, Carbon Dioxide</p><p>Copyright &#169; 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/16-1281579x5_hanspub.png?20231229103717061" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/16-1281579x6_hanspub.png?20231229103717061" /></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>1. 引言</title><p>丙烯是三大合成材料最基本的原材料之一，用于制备工业聚丙烯、环氧丙烷等重要化学产品。传统的丙烯生产工艺主要依靠于石油资源的催化裂化(FCC)和蒸汽裂化(SC) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref2">2</xref>] ，随着丙烯需求的日益增加，石油资源的过度消耗，寻找新的丙烯生产技术迫在眉睫 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref5">5</xref>] 。全球页岩气的开发为众多增值化学品提供了原材料，其中丙烷(页岩气的主要成分) DHP已成功工业化 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref6">6</xref>] ，各类铬基和铂基催化剂被广泛研究和报道。由于丙烷C-H键的化学惰性和DHP反应本质上的无氧化脱氢，致使工业化的丙烷脱氢制丙烯需要在高压高温(600℃以上)条件下才能得到较高的转化率，反应实际温度过高往往带来丙烷深度热解和脱氢等副反应，同时高温有利于焦炭的形成，严重影响催化剂活性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref8">8</xref>] 。丙烷催化氧化脱氢(ODHP)加入氧组分可以大大降低丙烷脱氢的反应能耗，由于目标产物丙烯的双键键能低于丙烷C-H键键能，使其在反应过程中更容易被活性氧攻击，进一步氧化生成CO、CO<sub>2</sub>等物种，导致丙烯选择性和产率下降 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref10">10</xref>] 。改用较温和的CO<sub>2</sub>作氧化剂，通过多相催化技术将丙烷转化为丙烯则可以避免上述问题 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref12">12</xref>] 。对于CO<sub>2</sub>氧化丙烷脱氢制取丙烯反应体系中，目前研究广泛的金属基催化剂(Pt)和金属氧化物催化剂如CrOx或Vox等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref14">14</xref>] ，大多的金属氧化物催化剂因其催化剂特性都表现出较差的CO<sub>2</sub>转化效率。相比之下金属基催化剂在不降低丙烷活化能力的前提下还能表现出较高的CO<sub>2</sub>转化率而被广泛研究，其中贵金属Pt基催化剂因其对C-H键断裂的高活性成为主要的研究对象 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref16">16</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref17">17</xref>] 。各类第二相第三相助剂也用于调控Pt基催化剂对CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应和与之平行的副反应之间的优先性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref18">18</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref19">19</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref20">20</xref>] 。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>2. 金属氧化物催化剂</title><p>金属氧化物是低碳烷烃脱氢反应的重要催化剂之一，催化活性与其在载体上的负载量和载体性质有关。载体既可以增强催化剂的机械强度和热稳定性，同时改变金属氧化物在载体表面的存在形式，产生合适的活性位点。常见的金属氧化物有CrO<sub>x</sub>、Vo<sub>x</sub>、Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref21">21</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref22">22</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref23">23</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref24">24</xref>] 等。表1总结了不同金属氧化物基催化剂和金属基催化剂在CO2-ODP反应中的反应性能。</p><p>从1933年Frey和Huppke发现Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂具有优秀的低碳烷烃脱氢性能后 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref25">25</xref>] ，负载铬氧化物(CrO<sub>x</sub>)基催化剂是脱氢领域中应用较为广泛的一类负载型催化剂，目前已在工业化的Lummus公司的Catofin工艺中使用。后面被各课题组引入CO<sub>2</sub>氛围下的丙烷脱氢 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref25">25</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref27">27</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref28">28</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref29">29</xref>] 。Takahar [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref29">29</xref>] 等人以Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>，活性炭和SiO<sub>2</sub>负载的几种Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂为研究对象，仅在SiO<sub>2</sub>上负载的催化剂观察到了CO<sub>2</sub>对丙烷脱氢的促进作用，提高丙烯收率并抑制了催化剂失活，原因在于CO<sub>2</sub>存在下帮助了Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub>表面维持部分</p><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Propane conversion rate and selectivity of different catalysts in CO2-ODP reactio</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >催化剂组成</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >反应温度/℃</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >原料组成</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >催化剂质量/g</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >丙烷转化率/%</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >丙烯选择性/%</th><th align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="2"  >文献</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub> = 1:7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >29.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >80.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="2"  >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref29">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >yCrO<sub>x</sub>/silicalite-1(y = 3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:Ar = 4:20:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >65</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="2"  >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref28">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >600</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> = 1:2:15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="2"  >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref34">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >600</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> = 1:2:15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="2"  >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref34">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >600</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> = 1:2:15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="2"  >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref34">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> = 1:3:27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >35.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >95</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="2"  >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref35">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >600</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> = 1:3:10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >30~45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >90-92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref36">36</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rh/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub> = 1:3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref37">37</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >5%Ru/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:Ar = 1:2:5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.7 (m<sup>2</sup>/g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref38">38</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >5%Ru/ZrO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:Ar = 1:2:5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.5 (m<sup>2</sup>/g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref38">38</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >CeZrAlO<sub>x</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:He = 4:4:3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref39">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >5%Pd/CeZrAlO<sub>x</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:He = 4:4:3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref39">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >5%Pd/CeZrO<sub>x</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:He = 4:4:3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref39">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.05%Pt/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >575</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >95</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref40">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >5%Pt/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >575</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref40">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fe<sub>3</sub>Ni/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:Ar = 1:1:2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >58.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref41">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fe<sub>3</sub>Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO2:Ar = 1:1:2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref41">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ni<sub>3</sub>Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:Ar = 1:1:2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >11.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref41">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Pt1Fe5/S-1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> = 1:1:6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref42">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >PtCo/SiBeta</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2 </sub>= 1:1:3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >51.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref43">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1 wt%Pt/1.0 wt%Sn/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >15.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >63.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref44">44</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1Pt/1Sn-CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:Ar = 1:2:4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref45">45</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2 </sub>= 4:1:20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >42</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref46">46</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >1Pt7Sn/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> = 4:1:20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >80</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref46">46</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >PtSn/SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub> = 1:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref47">47</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >PtSn3/SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub> = 1:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >47</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >96</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref47">47</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Pt-Co-In/CeO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>:CO<sub>2</sub>:He = 1:1:2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >47~52</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >95~99</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref12">12</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表1. 不同催化剂在CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应中丙烷转换率和选择性</p><p>氧化。5 wt%Cr负载在SiO<sub>2</sub>催化剂，在823 K时具有9.1%的丙烯收率。Kocon [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref30">30</xref>] 等人用浸渍法制备了负载量为3.4%的Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>，进一步证明了CO<sub>2</sub>在丙烷脱氢过程中改变了CrOx/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂的酸碱度。在873 K条件下反应0.2 h，取得了29.7%丙烷转化率和80.5%的丙烯选择性。但上述催化剂均在反应初期快速失活，之后的稳定性也只能维持6~7 h，这源于CrO<sub>x</sub>用于丙烷脱氢的反应机理的限制(图1)。CrO<sub>x</sub>结构复杂，在煅烧后通常含有Cr<sup>6+</sup>、Cr<sup>5+</sup>、Cr<sup>3+</sup>三种不同的氧化态，含有Cr=O双键的高氧化态物种在丙烷脱氢的氛围下很容易还原为Cr<sup>3+</sup>物种，CrO<sub>x</sub>基催化剂在CO<sub>2</sub>氛围下丙烷的脱氢反应遵循晶格氧机理(Mars-Van-Krevelen)。高价的孤立Cr-O作为活性位点促进丙烷分子脱氢，同时Cr<sup>6+</sup>/Cr<sup>5+</sup>被还原成Cr<sup>3+</sup>物种。CO<sub>2</sub>又将低价的Cr<sup>3+</sup>物种重新氧化成Cr<sup>6+</sup>/Cr<sup>5+</sup>，但CO<sub>2</sub>的反应惰性使这一步骤相对缓慢，由此导致丙烷脱氢的活性位点Cr<sup>6+</sup>/Cr<sup>5+</sup>数量减少，催化剂逐渐失活。为了进一步了解CrO<sub>x</sub>活性位点对C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>和CO<sub>2</sub>的吸附与活化，表面吸附物种和CrO<sub>x</sub>的结构演变及相关机理，Wang [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref28">28</xref>] 等采用浸渍法将少量的CrO<sub>x</sub>负载在分子筛载体上用于CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP，采用传统表征与原位光谱相结合确认CrO<sub>x</sub>结构在CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应中的演变。结果表明聚合态Cr<sup>6+</sup>氧化物比孤立态Cr<sup>6+</sup>物种对催化CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP具有更高的反应活性和丙烯选择性，这是由于反应物C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>和产物C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>强吸附在聚合态Cr<sup>6+</sup>氧化物上，随反应的持续发生焦炭的累计，整个反应由快速失活阶段过渡到稳定阶段。在催化活性上表现出降低C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>转换率和提高C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>选择性的双重作用。主要原因在于CO<sub>2</sub>作为弱氧化剂很难将低价的Cr全部氧化为活性高价Cr，除活性位点减少引起的催化剂失活外，反应过程中焦炭的产生会覆盖活性位点也会导致催化剂失活，需要频繁对催化剂进行再生，而且Cr具有毒性。</p><p>图1. CrO<sub>x</sub>基催化剂上CO<sub>2</sub>氧化丙烷脱氢生成丙烯反应机理</p><p>最近，一类新型的Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂逐渐从丙烷的芳构化反应中被引入丙烷脱氢反应，其脱氢活性竟高于传统的Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref31">31</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref32">32</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref33">33</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref34">34</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref35">35</xref>] 。随着研究的深入进行人们发现Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>基催化剂对丙烷脱氢反应并非如Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>等催化剂一般遵循Mars-Van-Krevelen机理，而是与其表面吸附活化H原子能力有关，其活化能力的强弱取决于Ga<sup>δ</sup><sup>+</sup>-H化学键形成的难易程度。Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂符合两步法脱氢机理，Ga<sup>δ</sup><sup>+</sup>-H作为中间步骤为脱氢的第一步，临位氧对*C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>的脱氢并形成H<sub>2</sub>脱附(图2)，随后产生的H<sub>2</sub>与CO<sub>2</sub>在气相中发生水逆煤气转变生成H<sub>2</sub>O和CO。之后的研究表明Ga<sup>δ</sup><sup>+</sup>的分散和Lewis酸位点强度显著地影响了丙烷活化的能力。Xu [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref34">34</xref>] 等将Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>负载于不同载体上(TiO<sub>2</sub>、Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、ZrO<sub>2</sub>、SiO<sub>2</sub>和MgO)用于CO<sub>2</sub>辅助丙烷脱氢反应，发现Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>、Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>是更好的脱氢反应催化剂，这是因为催化剂表面有更多的酸性位点。CO<sub>2</sub>对Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>的脱氢活性有促进作用，对Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>和Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>有负向影响。这些不同的载体效应可能源于催化剂不同的H<sub>2</sub>吸附能力和酸碱性质，这可能是由氧化镓和载体之间的不同相互作用引起的。XPS研究表明，Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>表面有丰富的还原镓原子(45%)，这可能解释了该催化剂在CO<sub>2</sub>存在下脱氢反应中独特的催化行为。Xiao [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref35">35</xref>] 等用水热合成法将Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>负载于Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>，通过改变热液条件改善表面镓的分散和分布。这一过程暴露更多的Ga<sup>3+</sup>位点并促进Lewis酸性位点的形成。此外，水热处理也有利于改善催化剂表面积和增加孔体积，Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂在反应9 h后，通过空气再生也能得到很好的恢复，优选的Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂上丙烷的最高转化率为35.35%。Liu [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref36">36</xref>] 等采用PH控制的等体积浸渍法合成了不同Ga负载量的Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub>催化剂。发现CO<sub>2</sub>的引入可以消除DHP过程中产生的Ga氢化合物，原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换(DRIFT)光谱显示，CO<sub>2</sub>可以有效地消除Ga<sup>δ</sup><sup>+</sup>-H<sub>x</sub>再生成Ga<sup>3+</sup>-O，同时减少积碳提高催化剂性能。尽管上述的研究提高了Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂的对丙烷脱氢的各项性能，但其稳定性仍有待提高，上述体系的催化剂均在数小时后有明显的活性下降。</p><p>图2. Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂丙烷脱氢流程图</p><p>金属氧化物催化剂CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应机理可以概括为氧化还原活性金属位点与丙烷反应生成丙烯，同时将高氧化态的活性位点还原为低氧化态，然后由CO<sub>2</sub>将被还原的活性中心再次氧化为原始状态。由于这个反应机制催化剂往往由于以下原因面临失活：1) 高氧化态活性位点缺乏；2) CO<sub>2</sub>活化能力低；3) 焦炭难以去除，金属氧化物催化剂在使用过程中不断被氧化和还原，极容易积碳失活，尽管再生周期非常短，但频繁的再生会导致催化剂结构被破坏，从而永久性地失去活性；4) 碱性位点对CO<sub>2</sub>的吸附活性强。这些固有的缺点表明需要寻找更有利的反应路径进行CO<sub>2</sub>氛围下的丙烷脱氢反应。金属基催化剂可以通过改变活性组分、添加多相助剂、调控活性组分与载体之间的协同关系等等手段促使丙烷脱氢反应往有利的方面进行。</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>3. 金属基催化剂</title><p>金属基催化剂对于CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应从反应机理上会比金属氧化基催化剂更具设计性。通过调控金属活性位点尺寸大小、形貌构型，或是添加第二相金属或多相金属与主要活性金属形成金属间化合物，从电子效应、几何效应、立体效应、有序效应等方面调控活性金属催化性能 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref48">48</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref49">49</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref50">50</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref51">51</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref52">52</xref>] 。尤其是Co、Ni、Cu等过渡金属的加入可以促进CO<sub>2</sub>的捕获和还原，弥补金属氧化催化剂对CO<sub>2</sub>吸附和还原的调控能力不足 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref53">53</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref54">54</xref>] ；而Ga、In、Sn等惰性金属虽然自身不作为反应的活性位点，却可以起到分散主活性位点和调控电子密度的作用，同时引发的集团效应也可以使催化剂稳定性提高和延长寿命；CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应区别于DHP反应是因为引入了弱氧化剂CO<sub>2</sub>，相对应地对催化剂载体也有了更高的要求，CeO<sub>2</sub>因为其自身的碱性和优秀的氧释放能力被广泛应用于CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref55">55</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref56">56</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref57">57</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref58">58</xref>] (图3)。</p><sec id="s7_1"><title>3.1. 单金属催化剂</title><p>单金属在身成为丙烷脱氢活性位点，往往有较强的C-H键活化能力同时也有较强的C-C键断裂能力，这往往有利于丙烷的干重整而不是脱氢反应。Solymosi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref37">37</xref>] 等通过浸渍法将Rh负载在Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、SiO<sub>2</sub>、TiO<sub>2</sub>、MgO上用于CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应，发现即使在很低的温度下(256 K~300 K)，丙烷仍能与Rh相互作用生成丙烯和亚丙基。引入CO<sub>2</sub>后丙烷的反应路径发生变化，丙烷脱氢产物丙烯与CO<sub>2</sub>迅速反应生成合成气CO和H<sub>2</sub>。</p><p>图3. Pt基催化剂改性以及丙烷脱氢反应机理</p><p>考虑到可以通过调控载体与活性金属之间的协同关系控制反应走向，Pradhan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref38">38</xref>] 等将贵金属Rh负载在CeO<sub>2</sub>和ZrO<sub>2</sub>上研究了载体不同的氧释放能力对催化剂CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应的影响，结果表明CeO<sub>2</sub>具有更强的氧迁移能力用于CO<sub>2</sub>的捕获和还原，使整个反应氧化性增加，但这仅限于增强了反应的干重整活性。</p><p>金属氧化物载体强氧释放能力会增强丙烷的干重整反应，同时也给到提示可以通过载体的改性调控CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应。Nowicka [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref39">39</xref>] 等人研制了一种Pd/CeZrAlOx催化剂，并在CO<sub>2</sub>氛围下表现出长期的稳定性和C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>选择性。Pd相比于Rh更有利于C-H键断裂而C-C键活化能则需要更高，这抑制了丙烷的干重整反应，Ce、Zr混合氧化物作为载体有利于CO<sub>2</sub>的捕获和活性氧的迁移使反应向有利的方向进行的同时，帮助了焦炭的燃烧延长催化剂寿命。</p><p>Pt基催化剂因其优异的反应性能广泛地应用于丙烷脱氢反应中，一般认为，丙烷脱氢位点为金属态的Pt，其形式为单原子或者团簇，但传统的Pt基催化剂在CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应中往往表现出较差的丙烯选择性，这主要是因为Pt在裂解、氢解和干重整反应中都具有较高的活性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref59">59</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref60">60</xref>] 。其中丙烯脱附困难进而发生深度脱氢是CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应中丙烯选择性低的主要原因。巩金龙 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref61">61</xref>] 等用溶胶–凝胶法将TiO<sub>2</sub>分散到Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>上以改变Pt的负载形式。结果表明部分还原的TiO<sub>x</sub>(x &lt; 2)会向Pt原子转移电子，表面Pt电子密度增加后会削弱丙烯吸附。NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD结果表明TiO<sub>2</sub>的掺杂会使得载体表面的酸性位点数量增加，这会产生更多的焦炭，通过调节TiO<sub>2</sub>的掺杂量以协调Pt与载体之间的电子转移效应和酸性位点之间的作用。</p><p>一般认为，在丙烷脱氢反应中，Pt团簇的结构大小会直接影响催化剂活性。较小的Pt团簇在减少副反应的同时能暴露更多的丙烷脱氢位点。Zhang [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref40">40</xref>] 等通过简单浸渍法制备一系列Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>负载的原子、亚纳米团簇和纳米团簇。原子分散Pt/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>催化剂的转换频率(TOF)分别比亚纳米簇和纳米颗粒高约3倍和7倍，与纳米颗粒相比，亚纳米尺寸的团簇对丙烯选择性具有相反的尺寸依赖性。原子分散的Pt和大纳米颗粒的Pt都具有较高的丙烯选择性，而且原子分散的Pt因为电荷密度的增加减弱了丙烯的吸附，阻止丙烯的深度脱氢。此外分散的Pt可以有效地抑制丙烷的深度脱氢(C-C键断裂)，提高丙烯选择性和稳定性。Pt负载量为0.05%时，丙烯选择性能达到95%。</p><p>Sun [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref62">62</xref>] 等采用第一性原理计算研究了丙烷在氮化硼纳米片中氮和硼空位上Pt单原子的脱氢反应。结果表明在B<sub>vac</sub>(Pt-B<sub>vac</sub>)上Pt原子比在N<sub>vac</sub>(Pt-N<sub>vac</sub>)的Pt原子对丙烷和丙烯具有更高的吸附能，对C-H键的活化也更具活性。然而，Pt-B<sub>vac</sub>的高反应性也阻碍了丙烯的脱附，这可能导致副反应深度脱氢和裂解。C-H活化能力和丙烯脱附的反应平衡是提高丙烯收率的必要条件，由此，氮空位上的Pt原子被认为是高效的丙烷脱氢催化剂。</p><p>基于DFT对单原子Pt上丙烷脱氢反应机理的探究，Pt颗粒尺寸大小、分散情况对丙烷脱氢活性的影响。充分认识到了CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP是个复杂的反应，高效的CO<sub>2</sub>氧化丙烷脱氢制丙烯催化剂必须具备较好的C-H键活化能力和C-C键活化惰性以抑制丙烷的过度裂解。能较好地解吸目标产物丙烯防止深度脱氢，保证丙烯选择性。同时具备较好的CO<sub>2</sub>捕获还原能力，CO<sub>2</sub>的活化可以改变丙烷脱氢的反应平衡，加快丙烷的脱氢频率，氧组分的加入可以抑制焦炭的形成保证催化剂的稳定性。故此，一般要对Pt基催化剂加以修饰和改性来控制CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应向理想的方向进行。</p></sec><sec id="s7_2"><title>3.2. 双金属催化剂</title><p>为使丙烷脱氢生成丙烯反应往有利的方向进行，在金属催化剂设计时通常将第二金属与主活性金属结合来调控活性金属的电子密度和几何结构(金属间化合物的集团效应) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref63">63</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref64">64</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref65">65</xref>] 。稀释主活性金属从而抑制多余的副反应，如丙烷热解和重整反应。将贵金属Pt或Pd与非贵金属Fe、Co、Ni组合，二者之间的协同效应使得催化剂有着更高的催化性能。</p><p>Comez [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref41">41</xref>] 等使用CeO<sub>2</sub>负载双金属Fe<sub>3</sub>Ni、Fe<sub>3</sub>Pt、Ni<sub>3</sub>Pt用于CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应制取丙烯，作者通过XANES发现在反应条件下，Ni和Pt是以单质形式存在，而Fe在Fe<sub>3</sub>Ni催化剂中则是以氧化态存在的。在活性测试中虽然单独的Fe<sub>3</sub>对于反应没有催化效果，但是Fe<sub>3</sub>Ni双金属催化剂表现出了良好的催化活性及选择性(丙烯选择性58.2%)，而贵金属Pt与过渡金属Fe、Ni的组合却更有利于丙烷干重整生成CO和H<sub>2</sub>，其中Ni<sub>3</sub>Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub>有较高的催化活性(丙烷转化率11.6%)，Fe<sub>3</sub>Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub>有较高的丙烯选择性(32%)。建立了一个双金属催化剂库，用于确定对DRP或CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP的固有活性，并可用于未来提高活性、稳定性和选择性的努力。该小组之后的研究继续了这个理念 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref66">66</xref>] ，将Pt基和Pd基金属催化剂与Fe、Co、Ni过渡金属组合以及不同原子组成的非贵金属组合形成双金属催化剂，探究CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应中生产合成气和丙烯不同的反应路径，结果表明，Pt基双金属在质量转化率和位点特异性TOF值方面均优于Pd基催化剂。在与过渡金属的组合中，Ni<sub>3</sub>在CO<sub>2</sub>转化率方面优于Fe<sub>3</sub>和Co<sub>3</sub>。而非贵双金属Ni<sub>3</sub>和Co<sub>3</sub>组合不仅活性更高，而且稳定性更强，相比之下，Fe<sub>x</sub>Ni<sub>y</sub>催化剂对CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP表现出更高的丙烯选择性。</p><p>Bian [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref42">42</xref>] 通过精细调控双金属纳米颗粒的结构进一步理解丙烷脱氢反应中结构－活性关系，发现PtFe双金属催化剂中过量的Fe物种会促进焦炭累积，导致较低的C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>选择性，通过调整CO<sub>2</sub>与丙烷的进气关系，当CO<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>的摩尔比为0.20时，在不改变PtFe合金催化表面结构的情况下将Fe<sup>0</sup>活性位点选择性氧化，Pt1Fe7/S-1催化剂表现出最高的丙烯产率，积碳量也从18.8 wt%降低到了1.0 wt%，而焦炭的抑制并不是因为反向Boudouard反应发生，而是将过量的非合金铁Fe<sup>0</sup>有效地氧化。这项工作为在反应条件下调节PtFe双金属催化剂的结构和提高PDH反应的性能提供了一种有前途的策略。</p><p>Wang [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref43">43</xref>] 等在Beta分子筛上负载直径为1~2.5 nm的双金属PtCo纳米颗粒，通纳米Beta分子筛脱铝后形成的硅羟基作为锚定位点增强了PtCo纳米颗粒的分散性。Co的引入进一步促进了Pt的分散均匀，并得到了更小的双金属纳米。Pt/Co的比例也显著影响了丙烷催化反应(脱氢或干重整)的路径，优化Pt/Co比例，Pt<sub>1</sub>Co<sub>1</sub>-SiBeta催化剂在550℃时丙烷和CO<sub>2</sub>的转换率分别高达51.8%和30.6%。过渡金属Co引入用于增加CO<sub>2</sub>的捕获和还原，但相比PtNi双金属组合有着更高的丙烯选择性，这除了3 d晚期过渡金属之间的差异外，载体的差异也对丙烷的脱氢或干重整反应有很重要的作用。有意思的是CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应众多金属基催化剂都是基于CeO<sub>2</sub>载体，其氧空位能够活化丙烷的C-H键和CO<sub>2</sub>的C=O键 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref67">67</xref>] 。</p><p>Sn是目前应用最为广泛的Pt基催化剂改性助剂，在DHP反应中，由于Sn自身的化学反应惰性，又能与贵金属Pt形成双金属合金，从而引起的几何效应和电子效应共同提高Pt基催化剂的活性和稳定性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref68">68</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref69">69</xref>] 。Mata-Martinez [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref44">44</xref>] 等研究了Sn的比例对Pt/KIT-6催化剂在PDH反应中的影响。结果表明在随Sn比例的提升，目标产物丙烯选择性先增加后减小。这是由于Sn的逐步加入会优先形成Pt:Sn = 1:1的合金，过量的Sn则会使合金尺寸增大并阻碍活性位点。Wang [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref45">45</xref>] 等将Sn掺杂到CeO<sub>2</sub>负载Pt(Pt/Sn-CeO<sub>2</sub>)催化剂，一方面通过形成PtSn合金，增加Pt的电子密度，促进丙烷的吸附和碳氢键解离。另一方面Sn的掺杂提高了CeO<sub>2</sub>载体的氧空位浓度，促进了CO<sub>2</sub>的解离。在550℃反应4 h后，0.1 wt%Pt/1.0 wt%Sn-CeO<sub>2</sub>催化剂仍能达到15.1%的丙烷转化率和63.9%的丙烯选择性。研究通过原位红外跟踪了反应过程中丙烷和CO<sub>2</sub>的演变，发现了MvK机制在反应过程中的作用。后续该课题通过改变Sn/Pt摩尔比，阐明了SnO<sub>x</sub>物种对CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应中Pt催化活性和丙烯选择性的影响 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref46">46</xref>] 。当比值增加时，丙烷转化率逐渐降低，而丙烯选择性增加。Sn物种的增加了Pt分散性的同时增加了Pt的电子密度，使丙烷C-H键活化更为容易而不是断裂C-C键发生干重整反应，从而逐渐抑制CO<sub>2</sub>-RP、丙烷裂解和焦炭积累。原位拉曼证明了还原的PtSn/CeO<sub>2</sub>表面氧缺陷可以与CO<sub>2</sub>反应生成Pt-O-Ce键，作为CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应的循环位点，其中Pt-O-Ce键与丙烷反应生成丙烯和水，然后形成的氧缺陷从CO<sub>2</sub>分子中摄取氧气生成CO。</p><p>近期，Zhai等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref47">47</xref>] 采用浸渍法制备了SiO<sub>2</sub>负载的Pt-M (M = Sn, In, Zn)双金属催化剂用于CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应，实验结果显示，Pt-M双金属催化剂对丙烷裂解/氢解副产物如甲烷、乙烷、乙烯等选择性较低，且在CO收率/CO<sub>2</sub>转换率比值接近于1，这意味着干重整反应的贡献并不显著。之后，研究人员进一步研究了Pt/SiO<sub>2</sub>、Sn1.5/SiO<sub>2</sub>和PtSn1.5/SiO<sub>2</sub>样品的催化性能，结果显示，Pt/SiO<sub>2</sub>催化剂有着最高的CO<sub>2</sub>转换率，而Sn1.5/SiO<sub>2</sub>几乎没有活性，意味着Sn的加入使得CO<sub>2</sub>转换率下降，同时抑制了高丙烷转化率下CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP中这些副反应(裂解、氢解、重整和甲烷化)，大大提高了丙烯的选择性。DFT计算结果表明，双金属基催化剂上的CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应分两步进行，第一步以丙烷脱氢为主，第二步为丙烷脱氢与逆水煤气转变反应偶联，并且整个反应动力学受限于逆水煤气转变。PtSn合金化形成的独特的Pt<sub>3</sub>Sn-SnO<sub>x</sub>界面使得Sn<sup>0</sup>、Pt<sup>0</sup>和SnO<sub>2</sub>之间能够协同作用，导致Pt<sub>3</sub>Sn-SnO<sub>x</sub>界面成为提高丙烯选择性和收率的活性中心。</p></sec><sec id="s7_3"><title>3.3. 多金属催化剂</title><p>高效的CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP催化剂，需要考虑C-H键断裂和CO<sub>2</sub>活化能力同时抑制丙烷过渡氢解和过渡氧化等副反应。双金属催化剂的成功给到我们启示可以通过多相金属的加入调控CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP相关的平行反应。Xing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref12">12</xref>] 等设计了一种Pt-Co-In三元合金催化剂，Pt作为断裂C-H键的主要活性金属，过渡金属Co、Ni在费米能级附近的高密度状态，降低了CO<sub>2</sub>的还原能垒，惰性金属Sn、In合金的集团效应增强催化剂稳定的同时提高了丙烯的选择性。三元合金强大的活性与CeO<sub>2</sub>载体的放氧能力结合，提高CO<sub>2</sub>的利用率，极大地提高了催化剂的稳定性。在CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP催化活性上，Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub>和Pt-M(M=Co、In和Sn)催化剂初始转化率较高(52%~68%)，但在5~10小时内快速失活，其中Pt-Sn和Pt-In的组合都具有较高的丙烯选择性。而Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub>和Pt-Co/CeO<sub>2</sub>在反应刚开始时，丙烯选择性只有35%和27%。这是因为发生了不希望的副反应生成了C1和C2碳氢化合物，物质平衡的偏离(比如Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub>，C<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>：0.71，Co<sub>x</sub>：1.31)，说明在很大程度上发生了丙烷向CO的干重整反应。相比之下，Pt-Co-In/CeO<sub>2</sub>在20小时内保持了较高的丙烷转化率(50%)，丙烯选择性最高(95%)，C<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>和Co<sub>x</sub>中碳平衡接近统一，也表明了干重整对三元合金催化剂的贡献很小。对于CO<sub>2</sub>转化稳定性，只有三元合金催化剂表现出了良好的稳定性，其余催化剂的CO<sub>2</sub>转化率趋势顺序为Pt-Co &gt; Pt，Pt-Sn，Pt-Co-In&gt;&gt;Pt-In。这一结果表明Co金属如预期一样增强了CO<sub>2</sub>的捕获和还原，单独的In合金化降低了这种能力。因此Pt、Co和In的组合可以中和In对CO<sub>2</sub>还原的负面影响，重新促进对二氧化碳的转化。DFT计算结果表明Pt-Co-In三元催化剂上CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应的速度决定步骤(RDS)是CO<sub>2</sub>活化，将Co掺入Pt-In后，CO<sub>2</sub>活化能(EA)显著降低。</p><p>该组进一步研发了基于高熵合金金属化合物(HEI)的新型催化剂 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78242-ref70">70</xref>] ，由XAFS分析表明了HEI结构与金属间化合物PtSn类似，其中Pt、Co、Ni、Sn和In均被还原到零价态，而Ga物种大部分被氧化，其中Pt和Sn部分位点分别被Co/Ni和In/Ga部分取代。显著提高了抗焦性和催化剂的稳定性，此外，熵效应增加合金纳米团簇的热稳定性，还可以防止纳米颗粒的烧结。在600℃的CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP测试中HEI/CeO<sub>2</sub>催化剂在前20 h仍保持较高的丙烷转化率(约30%)较高的丙烯选择性(95%)，并在反应进行50 h后仍具有较高的稳定性。将重复使用的HEI/CeO<sub>2</sub>催化剂在600℃下通入CO<sub>2</sub>，然后进行H<sub>2</sub>还原，再生的催化剂的C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>和CO<sub>2</sub>转化率都完全恢复。因此，HEI/CeO<sub>2</sub>催化剂在CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP中表现出优异的稳定性、可再生性和抗焦炭性。金属表面的积碳能够被CeO<sub>2</sub>晶格氧燃烧，HEI的燃烧温度低于Pt-Co-In，表明HEI/CeO<sub>2</sub>的积碳燃烧能力优于Pt-Co-In/CeO<sub>2</sub>。这项工作不仅展示了优异的催化性能，而且为CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应的催化剂设计理念开辟了新的领域。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s8"><title>4. 结论与展望</title><p>用较为温和的CO<sub>2</sub>辅助丙烷脱氢制取丙烯，在反应上可以消耗H<sub>2</sub>、去除焦炭和解吸丙烯，同时CO<sub>2</sub>作为反应物的工业利用可以有效地保护环境。目前的工艺仍未达到工业化水平，除提高催化剂性能外，焦炭的形成和烧结问题都需要进一步地改进。近年来，无论是金属氧化物基催化剂还是金属基催化剂在CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP反应上的进展，都表明了设计多功能催化剂调控反应平衡的重要性。同时增强的是对CO<sub>2</sub>活化的理解，进一步发展CO<sub>2</sub>的捕集和再利用，提高温室气体CO<sub>2</sub>的利用率，这也是达成碳达峰碳中和目标的重中之重。CO<sub>2</sub>-ODP自身复杂的反应体系随催化剂设计的偏向不同，因此为了更好的设计高效催化剂，应该充分结合活性位点与反应机制之间的复杂关系，例如各种常规表征，原位表征以及第一性原理计算与分子动力学计算。</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>文章引用</title><p>洪 广. 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