<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOCR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Organic Chemistry Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2330-5231</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/JOCR.2023.114027</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JOCR-78626</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>JOCR20230400000_72267594.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>化学与材料</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  一种双萘基类水相人工光捕获体系的制备
  The Preparation of a Bis-Naphthyl-Based Aqueous Artificial Light-Harvesting System
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>李</surname><given-names>梦行</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>王</surname><given-names>继</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>蔡</surname><given-names>丽娟</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>朱</surname><given-names>金丽</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>汤</surname><given-names>艳峰</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>孙</surname><given-names>广平</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>张掖市质量检验检测研究院，甘肃 张掖</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>南通大学化学化工学院，江苏 南通</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>285</fpage><lpage>292</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  本文以新型双萘基衍生物(NPD)作为客体分子，水溶性羧酸铵柱[5]芳烃(PA)作为主体分子，NPD与PA通过主客体相互作用在水中自组装包载荧光染料荧光桃红B (PHB)形成PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子。PA与NPD自组装生成纳米粒子的最佳摩尔比为20:3，临界聚集浓度为0.027 mM。由于荧光染料PHB的紫外吸收区域与PA-NPD的荧光发射范围高度重合，因此在包载PHB染料后，PA-NPD的荧光发射能量可以有效地转移至PHB，成功制备了一种新型双萘基类PA-NPD-PHB人工光捕获体系。研究结果显示，该体系的能量转移效率为55%，天线效应为15，具有良好的光捕获性能，为水相人工光捕获体系的设计发展提供了新的思路和方法。
   A new bis-naphthyl derivative (NPD) was firstly prepared as guest molecules and water-soluble ammonium-carboxylate-pillar [5] arene (PA) was selected as host molecules. NPD and PA self-assemble and encapsulate fluorescent dye Phloxine B (PHB) in water through host-guest interaction to form PA-NPD-PHB nanoparticles. The optimal molar ratio for self-assembly of PA and NPD to generate nanoparticles is 20:3, and the critical aggregation concentration is 0.027 mM. Due to the high overlap between the UV absorption region of the fluorescent dye PHB and the fluorescence emission range of PA-NPD, the fluorescence emission energy of PA-NPD can be effectively transferred to PHB after encapsulating PHB dye, and a new type of artificial light-harvesting system (PA-NPD-PHB) based on double naphthalene has been successfully prepared. The research results show that the energy transfer efficiency of the system is 55%, the antenna effect is 15, and it has good light capture performance, providing new ideas and methods for the design and development of aqueous artificial light-harvesting systems.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>人工光捕获，主体分子，客体分子，自组装，能量转移, Artificial Light-Harvesting</kwd><kwd> Host Molecule</kwd><kwd> Guest Molecule</kwd><kwd> Self-Assembly</kwd><kwd> Energy Transfer</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>摘要</title><p>本文以新型双萘基衍生物(NPD)作为客体分子，水溶性羧酸铵柱[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref5">5</xref>]芳烃(PA)作为主体分子，NPD与PA通过主客体相互作用在水中自组装包载荧光染料荧光桃红B (PHB)形成PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子。PA与NPD自组装生成纳米粒子的最佳摩尔比为20:3，临界聚集浓度为0.027 mM。由于荧光染料PHB的紫外吸收区域与PA-NPD的荧光发射范围高度重合，因此在包载PHB染料后，PA-NPD的荧光发射能量可以有效地转移至PHB，成功制备了一种新型双萘基类PA-NPD-PHB人工光捕获体系。研究结果显示，该体系的能量转移效率为55%，天线效应为15，具有良好的光捕获性能，为水相人工光捕获体系的设计发展提供了新的思路和方法。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>关键词</title><p>人工光捕获，主体分子，客体分子，自组装，能量转移</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>The Preparation of a Bis-Naphthyl-Based Aqueous Artificial Light-Harvesting System<sup> </sup></title><p>Menghang Li<sup>1*</sup>, Ji Wang<sup>2*</sup>, Lijuan Cai<sup>1</sup>, Jinli Zhu<sup>1#</sup>, Yanfeng Tang<sup>1</sup>, Guangping Sun<sup>1#</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu</p><p><sup>2</sup>Zhangye Institute of Quality Inspection and Testing, Zhangye Gansu</p><p>Received: Aug. 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2023; accepted: Dec. 21<sup>st</sup>, 2023; published: Dec. 29<sup>th</sup>, 2023</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>A new bis-naphthyl derivative (NPD) was firstly prepared as guest molecules and water-soluble ammonium-carboxylate-pillar [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref5">5</xref>] arene (PA) was selected as host molecules. NPD and PA self-assemble and encapsulate fluorescent dye Phloxine B (PHB) in water through host-guest interaction to form PA-NPD-PHB nanoparticles. The optimal molar ratio for self-assembly of PA and NPD to generate nanoparticles is 20:3, and the critical aggregation concentration is 0.027 mM. Due to the high overlap between the UV absorption region of the fluorescent dye PHB and the fluorescence emission range of PA-NPD, the fluorescence emission energy of PA-NPD can be effectively transferred to PHB after encapsulating PHB dye, and a new type of artificial light-harvesting system (PA-NPD-PHB) based on double naphthalene has been successfully prepared. The research results show that the energy transfer efficiency of the system is 55%, the antenna effect is 15, and it has good light capture performance, providing new ideas and methods for the design and development of aqueous artificial light-harvesting systems.</p><p>Keywords:Artificial Light-Harvesting, Host Molecule, Guest Molecule, Self-Assembly, Energy Transfer</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.78626-formula6"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/14-2970199x5_hanspub.png?20240104172046548"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/14-2970199x6_hanspub.png?20240104172046548" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/14-2970199x7_hanspub.png?20240104172046548" /></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>1. 引言</title><p>近年来，随着自然资源的不断消耗，人们逐渐将目光转移至太阳能 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref1">1</xref>] 。太阳能作为一种源源不断的清洁能源，如何高效捕获并加以利用太阳能受到了科研人员的广泛关注 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref2">2</xref>] 。自然界绿色植物、藻类等可以通过光合作用对太阳能进行高效利用合成所需化学物质 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref3">3</xref>] 。为此，科研人员尝试设计各种各样的人工光捕获体系对光能进行捕获来模拟自然界的光捕获行为，例如框架材料 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref4">4</xref>] 、凝胶材料 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref5">5</xref>] 、聚合物材料 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref6">6</xref>] 等。然而，大多数设计的人工光捕获体系都是依赖共价键修饰，且在有机相中构筑，而自然界的生命行为均是在水中进行，因此发展高效的水相人工光捕获体系具有重要意义 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref7">7</xref>] 。超分子策略作为一种非共价键组装策略，不仅可以避免复杂的共价键反应过程，还能在水中高效组装，在人工光捕获领域具有潜在的应用前景 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref8">8</xref>] 。2020年，肖唐鑫教授团队利用四重氢键和四苯乙烯衍生物成功构筑了一个超分子链状聚合物材料，在水相中不仅实现了能量的高效捕获与转移，还成功获得了白光发射 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref9">9</xref>] 。此外，2022年，邢令宝教授团队通过丙烯腈衍生物与水溶性羧酸铵柱[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref5">5</xref>]芳烃(PA)的超分子组装也构筑了一个水相人工光捕获体系，并实现了捕获能量的连续传递 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref10">10</xref>] 。因此，设计发展新型水相超分子人工光捕获体系对太阳能模拟应用具有重要意义。</p><p>图1. 双萘基类人工光捕获体系</p><p>因此，如图1所示，我们设计开发了一种新型双萘基类衍生物(NPD)作为超分子组装的客体分子，通过主体分子PA的诱导组装，NPD与PA进行主客体络合，并形成PA-NPD超分子两亲体。在形成超分子两亲体后，PA-NPD可以进一步自组装形成PA-NPD超分子纳米粒子。值得注意的是，PA-NPD超分子纳米粒子不仅可以作为能量给体，还能包载荧光染料实现能量传递。由于荧光染料荧光桃红B(PHB)的紫外吸收区域与纳米粒子PA-NPD的荧光发射范围高度重合，因此在包载PHB染料以后，PA-NPD可以将自身能量有效传递至PHB，实现能量的高效转移，从而获得PA-NPD-PHB水相人工光捕获体系。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>2. 实验部分</title><sec id="s6_1"><title>2.1. 试剂与仪器</title><p>2-萘乙腈(98%)，荧光桃红B(97%，PHB)，6-羟基-2-萘甲醛(98%)，1,10-二溴癸烷(98%)，碳酸钠(99%)，多聚甲醛(96%)和三甲胺(2.0 M)从安耐吉化学购买；石油醚(AR)，乙腈(AR)，甲醇(AR)，乙酸乙酯(AR)，氯仿(AR)和丙酮(AR)从南京化学试剂购买；扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试采用日本Hitachi SU8060仪器；核磁氢谱(<sup>1</sup>H NMR)测试采用瑞士Bruker 400 MHz仪器；紫外透射率测试采用日本UV-3600仪器；纳米粒子粒径测试(DLS)采用英国Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90仪器；荧光光谱测试采用日本Hitachi F-7000仪器。</p></sec><sec id="s6_2"><title>2.2. 化合物合成</title><sec id="s6_2_1"><title>2.2.1. PA合成</title><p>PA采用我们之前的方法进行合成 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref11">11</xref>] 。</p></sec><sec id="s6_2_2"><title>2.2.2. NPD合成</title><p>图2. NPD合成路线</p><p>图3. <sup>1</sup>NPD氢谱图</p><p>化合物1合成：化合物1采用我们之前的方法进行合成 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref12">12</xref>] 。</p><p>化合物NPD合成：取化合物1 (50 mg, 0.09 mmol)和三甲胺(1 mL, 2 mmol)溶解在10 mL氯仿中，加热搅拌回流过夜，反应结束，真空浓缩反应液得粗产物，粗产物用无水乙醚洗涤，最后鼓风干燥得化合物NPD (55 mg, 0.09 mmol, 99%)。<sup>1</sup>H NMR (DMSO‑d<sub>6</sub>, 400 MHz) δ (ppm)：8.42 (s, 1H)，8.33 (s, 1H)，8.29 (s, 1H)，8.18 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H)，8.09~8.06 (m, 2H), 8.01~7.92 (m, 4H)，7.60~7.58 (m, 2H)，7.41 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H)，7.25 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H)，4.15 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H)，3.35~3.25 (m, 2H)，3.04 (s, 9H)，1.84~1.78 (m, 2H)，1.70~1.63 (m, 2H)，1.47~1.44 (m, 2H)，1.36~1.27 (m, 10H) (图2和图3)。</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="s7"><title>3. 结果与讨论</title><sec id="s7_1"><title>3.1. 主客体作用</title><p>在完成PA和NPD的合成与表征以后，分别采用丁达尔效应实验和荧光颜色对PA与NPD之间的主客体相互作用进行分析研究。值得注意的是，当PA与NPD同时加入到水中后，PA与NPD能够快速组装生成纳米粒子，产生显著的丁达尔效应，并且可以发射出显著的青色荧光，说明PA与NPD能够发生显著的主客体相互作用(图4(a)和图4(c))。此外，当加入荧光染料PHB时，依然有显著的丁达尔效应，说明依然能够有效组装产生纳米粒子。同时，纳米粒子的荧光颜色转变成黄色荧光，说明PHB被包载进纳米粒子并发生了主客体作用(图4(b)和图4(d))。</p><p>图4. 丁达尔效应：(a) PA-NPD和(b) PA-NPD-PHB；荧光照片：(c) PA-NPD和(d) PA-NPD-PHB</p></sec><sec id="s7_2"><title>3.2. 最佳摩尔比和临界聚集浓度</title><p>在验证了PA与NPD能够发生主客体相互作用后，继续采用紫外–可见透射率实验对PA与NPD通过主客体作用自组装形成纳米粒子的最佳摩尔比和临界聚集浓度进行研究分析 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref13">13</xref>] 。如图5a，在600 nm处，没有PA存在下(20:0) NPD的透射率接近100%，说明几乎没有纳米粒子组装生成。但是当加入PA以后，PA与NPD的混合溶液在600 nm处的透射率显著下降，在20:3时透射率最低。后面即使不断增加PA比例至摩尔比为20:10，PA与NPD混合溶液的透射率也是逐渐增加的，并没有再下降的趋势，说明PA与NPD自组装生成纳米粒子的最佳摩尔比为20:3，此时生成的纳米粒子最多。</p><p>与此同时，在得到PA与NPD的最佳摩尔比后，保持20:3摩尔比不变，不断改变NPD的摩尔浓度，分别测试PA与NPD混合溶液在700 nm处的透射率，作图分析。在NPD低浓度时，PA与NPD混合溶液的透射率下降很慢，但是当NPD浓度达到0.027 mM以后，PA与NPD混合溶液的透射率快速下降，说明PA与NPD自组装形成纳米粒子的临界聚集浓度为0.027 mM (图5b)。</p><p>图5. (a) PA与NPD的最佳摩尔比；(b) PA与NPD在20:3摩尔比下的临界聚集浓度</p></sec><sec id="s7_3"><title>3.3. 纳米粒子研究</title><p>在成功获得PA与NPD组装生成纳米粒子的最佳摩尔比和临界聚集浓度以后，分别制备PA-NPD和PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子，并对纳米粒子的粒径大小与微观形貌测试分析。如图6所示，通过动态光散射(DLS)测试，PA与NPD自组装生成的纳米粒子平均粒径为120 nm，扫描电子显微镜显示纳米粒子呈现圆形形貌。同时，在包载荧光染料PHB后，PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子的平均粒径微弱增加，达到128 nm，形貌还是以圆形颗粒形式存在。</p><p>图6. DLS结果：(a) PA-NPD和(b) PA-NPD-PHB；扫描电镜结果：(c) PA-NPD和(d) PA-NPD-PHB</p></sec><sec id="s7_4"><title>3.4. PA-NPD-PHB人工光捕获体系</title><p>如图7所示，因为荧光染料PHB的紫外吸收区域和PA-NPD的荧光发射范围高度重合，所以在包载PHB以后，不仅PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子中NPD和PHB之间的空间距离被有效拉近，NPD自身能量还能通过荧光共振能量转移过程高效地传递给PHB，实现可靠的人工光捕获过程。比如，PHB作为能量受体，随着其摩尔比例的逐渐增加，能量给体NPD的特征荧光发射逐渐变小，而PHB的特征荧光发射却显著提高，说明NPD的能量被有效传递至PHB了，实现了人工光捕获过程(图7(b))。此外，体系的荧光颜色也逐渐地由青色转变成黄色荧光，更加印证了能量转移与人工光捕获过程的发生(图8)。</p><p>图7. (a) PHB紫外吸收与PA-NPD荧光发射；(b) 能量转移</p><p>图8. 荧光照片</p><p>图9. (a) PA-NPD与PA-NPD-PHB荧光发射谱和(b) PA-NPD (365 nm激发)与PA-NPD-PHB (365 nm或520 nm激发)荧光发射谱</p></sec><sec id="s7_5"><title>3.5. PA-NPD-PHB光捕获能力研究</title><p>在实现NPD与PHB的能量转移后，为了进一步分析PA-NPD-PHB人工光捕获体系的能力，分别对体系的能量转移效率和天线效应进行计算研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.78626-ref14">14</xref>] 。通过测试PA-NPD与PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子在490 nm处的荧光强度，根据NPD特征荧光强度在此处(490 nm)的荧光淬灭情况进行计算分析可以得到PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子的能量转移效率为55% (图9a)。此外，通过PA-NPD纳米粒子在490 nm处的归一化计算及PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子在520 nm波长下的发射光谱可以得到PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子的天线效应为15，显示PA-NPD-PHB具备良好的人工光捕获性能(图9b)。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s8"><title>4. 结论</title><p>通过超分子自组装，PA与NPD在水中相互作用组成超分子两亲体，超分子两亲体进一步自组装生成PA-NPD纳米粒子，同时对PHB进行包载生成PA-NPD-PHB纳米粒子，成功制备一种双萘基类水相人工光捕获体系。研究结果显示，PA与NPD自组装生成纳米粒子的最佳摩尔比为20:3，临界聚集浓度为0.027 mM。该体系能够成功实现能量从NPD到PHB的有效传递，其中能量转移效率为55%，天线效应为15，具有良好的光捕获性能。</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>基金项目</title><p>江苏省自然科学基金青年项目(No. BK20220601)，江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学)研究面上项目(No. 22KJB150032)。</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>文章引用</title><p>李梦行,王 继,蔡丽娟,朱金丽,汤艳峰,孙广平. 一种双萘基类水相人工光捕获体系的制备The Preparation of a Bis-Naphthyl-Based Aqueous Artificial Light-Harvesting System[J]. 有机化学研究, 2023, 11(04): 285-292. https://doi.org/10.12677/JOCR.2023.114027</p></sec><sec id="s11"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.78626-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Croce, R. and Amerongen, H.V. 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