<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Medical  Diagnosis</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2164-540X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/MD.2024.141005</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">MD-82433</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>MD20240100000_46239022.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>医药卫生</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  粒细胞集落刺激因子在生殖领域的应用
  Application of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in the Field of Reproduction
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>杨</surname><given-names>梦洁</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>曾</surname><given-names>湘晖</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>青海大学研究生院，青海 西宁</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>青海省人民医院生殖中心，青海 西宁</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  胚胎植入的成功需要植入胚胎与宿主子宫内膜之间复杂的生物学相互作用，在这一复杂的过程中涉及到大量的分子和因子。粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)被证实在妊娠过程中发挥着多种生理作用，然而，目前对于G-CSF对妊娠的影响尚无统一定论。本文综述了G-CSF在生殖领域中应用的发展进程，并讨论其安全性，以期为G-CSF在临床的应用提供更为广泛的思路。
   The success of embryo implantation requires complex biological interactions between the im-planted embryo and the host endometrium, which involves many molecules and factors. Granulo-cyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to play various physiological roles during pregnancy. However, there is no consensus on the effect of G-CSF on pregnancy. This article reviews the development process of the application of G-CSF in the reproductive field. It discusses its safety, to provide a broader idea for the clinical application of G-CSF.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>粒细胞集落刺激因子，生殖，辅助生殖技术，妊娠, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor</kwd><kwd> Reproduction</kwd><kwd> Assisted Reproductive Technology</kwd><kwd> 
Pregnancy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>摘要</title><p>胚胎植入的成功需要植入胚胎与宿主子宫内膜之间复杂的生物学相互作用，在这一复杂的过程中涉及到大量的分子和因子。粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)被证实在妊娠过程中发挥着多种生理作用，然而，目前对于G-CSF对妊娠的影响尚无统一定论。本文综述了G-CSF在生殖领域中应用的发展进程，并讨论其安全性，以期为G-CSF在临床的应用提供更为广泛的思路。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>关键词</title><p>粒细胞集落刺激因子，生殖，辅助生殖技术，妊娠</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Application of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in the Field of Reproduction<sup> </sup></title><p>Mengjie Yang<sup>1</sup>, Xianghui Zeng<sup>2</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai</p><p><sup>2</sup>Reproductive Center, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining Qinghai</p><p>Received: Dec. 15<sup>th</sup>, 2023; accepted: Mar. 5<sup>th</sup>, 2024; published: Mar. 13<sup>th</sup>, 2024</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>The success of embryo implantation requires complex biological interactions between the implanted embryo and the host endometrium, which involves many molecules and factors. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to play various physiological roles during pregnancy. However, there is no consensus on the effect of G-CSF on pregnancy. This article reviews the development process of the application of G-CSF in the reproductive field. It discusses its safety, to provide a broader idea for the clinical application of G-CSF.</p><p>Keywords:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, Reproduction, Assisted Reproductive Technology, Pregnancy</p><p>Copyright &#169; 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/5-2170489x5_hanspub.png?20240314090447489" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/5-2170489x6_hanspub.png?20240314090447489" /></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>1. 引言</title><p>近年来，由于社会压力的增加、环境的变化、全面放开的生育政策及人流数的增多，我国不孕症发生率逐年增高。根据WHO人类生殖特别规划署报告，世界范围内不孕不育率高达15%~20%。随着人类辅助生殖技术(Assisted Reproductive Technology, ART)的迅速发展，选择辅助生殖技术助孕的患者越来越多，医生和患者想要寻求更多方法来提高ART助孕的治疗效果。而随着交叉学科的发展，粒细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor, G-CSF)引发了生殖医师的热切关注 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref1">1</xref>] 。本文将对G-CSF在生殖领域中应用的发展过程进行综述。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>2. G-CSF作用概述</title><p>正常妊娠建立的条件主要有以下四点：① 正常排卵；② 精液正常；③ 生殖道通畅、输卵管功能正常；④ 子宫腔和子宫内膜正常 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref2">2</xref>] 。同时，子宫内膜的容受性，移植的胚胎质量以及胚胎发育和子宫内膜发育的同步性也是影响体外受精临床妊娠率的三个重要因素 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref3">3</xref>] 。目前已有研究证明移植胚胎质量与妊娠结局成正相关 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref5">5</xref>] 。因此，我们可以通过改善子宫内膜容受性、提高胚胎质量以及胚胎发育环境来改善辅助生殖技术助孕的妊娠结局。</p><p>粒细胞集落刺激因子是一种特殊的细胞因子，多由骨髓细胞、基质细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞等产生 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref7">7</xref>] 。某些生殖组织细胞，如人卵巢和子宫内膜也被证明能够产生G-CSF或其受体，特别是一些证据表明G-CSF或其受体被定位于黄体颗粒细胞、胎盘滋养层细胞和卵母细胞等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref10">10</xref>] 。</p><p>G-CSF有较多的功能，其主要作用是刺激骨髓中性粒细胞的增殖和分化。新的研究表明，G-CSF在妊娠成功中有多种生理作用，如影响和促进卵母细胞成熟、着床前胚胎发育和滋养层侵袭，影响胚胎着床和卵巢功能，促进胚胎分裂和囊胚形成 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref9">9</xref>] ，促进子宫内膜增厚、改善子宫内膜异位症的病理生理学等等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref13">13</xref>] ，而这些都能从根本上减少怀孕损失，提高ART治疗妊娠率 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref14">14</xref>] 。</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>3. 人体中G-CSF对妊娠的影响</title><p>MakinodaS、SalmassiA等人研究发现血清G-CSF浓度在排卵期和整个妊娠期显著升高，而如果植入没有发生或植入失败，G-CSF水平会显著下降 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref16">16</xref>] 。董毅飞等人的一项研究分析了G-CSF水平与获卵数、受精率、优质胚胎率、种植率、临床妊娠率及早期流产率的关系，他们发现卵泡液(Follicular Fluid, FF)中G-CSF水平能在一定程度上反映卵巢功能和卵母细胞质量，卵FF中G-CSF水平可能是预测IVF结局的有效指标之一 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref17">17</xref>] 。</p><p>2013年的一项关于ICSI-ET患者的概念验证研究显示，通过监测卵FF中G-CSF水平可以更好地选择真正具有植入潜力的胚胎，改善单胚胎移植胚胎的选择，减少多胎妊娠的发生，以及怀孕所需的时间和费用，而且在预测持续妊娠方面，卵泡G-CSF水平比胚胎形态具有更高的区分力 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref18">18</xref>] 。2014年Tevkin S等人的一项研究发现，在添加GM-CSF的培养液中培养ART助孕失败患者的胚胎，胚胎着床率(11.6% vs 20.4%)和临床妊娠率(27.8% vs 39.1%)相对于对照组有明显提高 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref19">19</xref>] 。以上均说明G-CSF在排卵、着床过程和维持妊娠过程中起着重要作用，但其对妊娠结局的影响仍需要前瞻性研究进行验证。</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>4. G-CSF的相关动物实验</title><p>2005年一项对小鼠的研究表明，将骨髓来源的细胞移植到服用环磷酰胺和白消毒液的成年雌性小鼠体内，可以挽救卵巢功能并维持长期的生育能力 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref20">20</xref>] 。</p><p>2011年Malgorzata E.等人将接受卵巢移植的小鼠分为腹腔注射血管内皮生长因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF)组、皮下注射G-CSF组、同时注射VEGF及G-CSF组以及腹腔注射生理盐水组，发现与生理盐水注射的对照组小鼠相比，VEGF和G-CSF组合注射组小鼠的原始和总卵泡数量显著增加；并且单用VEGF未能实现对卵泡的维持作用，而联合应用VEGF及G-CSF在防止卵巢移植导致的原始卵泡丢失方面，其结果有统计学意义；也就是说，生长因子可能在防止或减少缺血导致的卵泡丢失中发挥关键作用。金钟勋等人在小鼠胚胎培养液中加入不同浓度的G-CSG及粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor, GM-CSF)进行培养，测定96 h后胚胎发育至扩张期、孵化囊胚期和体外着床期的百分率；结果显示所有加入G-CSF的培养液孵育的试验组，胚胎发育至着床期的百分率均显著高于未加入G-CSF或GM-CSF的培养液的对照组，尤其是G-CSF浓度为100 pg/ml和10 ng/ml的试验组明显高于对照组和其他处理组；研究提示G-CSF和GM-CSF可能影响小鼠胚胎的发育和着床 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref21">21</xref>] 。2015年Lian Cai、YubyeolJeon等人发现，经重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(human recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factorhr, G-CSF)处理的猪卵母细胞具有更好的胚胎发育潜力，其囊胚形成率、受精率显著高于对照组 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref22">22</xref>] 。也就是说，G-CSF能够提高胚胎活力，进而影响妊娠率。</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>5. 外源性G-CSF的治疗作用</title><p>目前，已有研究证实G-CSF对体外受精–胚胎移植(In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer, IVF-ET)/卵母细胞浆内单精子注射–胚胎移植(Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection-Embryo Transfer, ICSI-ET)患者的妊娠结局可能存在积极影响。李杰等人对2014年至2016年的6项研究进行了综合分析，结果显示与安慰剂相比，经阴道灌注粒细胞集落刺激因子显著提高了临床妊娠率 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref23">23</xref>] 。2020年茹慧波等人的一项随机对照试验发现，G-CSF可以提高IVF-ET拮抗剂方案鲜胚移植的妊娠率，改善妊娠结局 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref24">24</xref>] 。2021年一项对与接受FET的反复着床失败(Repeated Implantation Failure, RIF)患者的临床研究，结果显示在RIF的薄型子宫内膜患者中，采用宫腔灌注G-CSF治疗，能够显著增加子宫内膜厚度，部分改善FET妊娠结局；但在子宫内膜厚度正常组中，不同G-CSF剂量组间移植日子宫内膜厚度无显著变化，着床率、临床妊娠率亦均无统计学差异 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref25">25</xref>] 。2023年一项对卵巢低储备患者的随机对照试验显示，G-CSF组的累积活产率显著高于对照组，并且连续2个周期的G-CSF治疗使卵巢低储备患者鲜胚移植的植入率、临床妊娠率和持续妊娠率均显著提高 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref26">26</xref>] 。同年一项对于RIF患者的研究报道，hrG-CSF和阿司匹林联合治疗组活产率显著高于对照组，流产率明显低于对照组；并且在子宫内膜容受性方面，与对照组相比，联合治疗组的阻力指数、脉动指数和收缩–舒张比显著降低 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref27">27</xref>] 。</p><p>相反的，2019年一项研究表示，在原因不明的复发性流产史的女性中，与安慰剂相比，试验组流产率并无显著降低，且妊娠率和活产率无明显增加，也就是说在妊娠前三个月使用rhG-CSF并没有改善20周的临床妊娠率或活产率 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref28">28</xref>] 。另外，2020年Ziya Kalem等人的研究发现，对于子宫内膜正常的RIF患者，宫内注射G-CSF不会改变子宫内膜厚度、临床妊娠率或活产率 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref29">29</xref>] 。而2022年的一项前瞻性随机对照研究发现，不明原因反复种植失败的患者使用G-CSF治疗，可能会获得更好的内膜血供，进而改善子宫内膜容受性，但对子宫内膜厚度、妊娠结局并无显著影响 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref30">30</xref>] 。</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>6. G-CSF应用的风险</title><p>一项研究发现，G-CSF在与化疗联合使用时，观察到肿瘤标志物显著升高 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref31">31</xref>] ；也有小鼠动物试验表明，G-CSF促进了肿瘤新生血管的生成，并在一定程度上抵消了化疗的影响 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref32">32</xref>] 。但是在这些试验中，总剂量和应用持续时间均显著高于生殖医学中应用的方案。因此，这究竟是与持续且在某些情况下高剂量给药G-CSF有关，还是与潜在疾病(如中性粒细胞减少症)的易感因素有关，目前尚不清楚 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref33">33</xref>] 。</p><p>W&#252;rfel, J.W.等人2014年的一项研究中，数据显示应用G-CSF条件下的流产绝大多数是由于基因畸变引起的。但值得注意的是，在接受治疗的年龄组(37~38岁)中，人工流产的数量相对较低，这可能表明G-CSF促进了基因异常胚胎的流产 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref34">34</xref>] 。另外，Boxer等人报道了60名接受rh-G-CSF治疗的慢性中性粒细胞减少症的孕妇，观察到与不接受治疗的孕妇相比，其流产率较低，活产率较高，并且严重的孕产妇和新生儿并发症更少，畸形发生率也没有明显增加。该研究为G-CSF孕期的安全用药增加了可信性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.82433-ref35">35</xref>] 。</p></sec><sec id="s11"><title>7. 讨论</title><p>G-CSF是一种普遍存在的生长因子，它参与许多控制过程，也与生殖有关。根据现有的研究，它能够影响和促进卵母细胞成熟、子宫内膜容受性、着床前胚胎发育和滋养细胞侵袭等。但目前对于G-CSF对妊娠结局的影响国内外尚无统一定论，部分研究显示G-CSF能够增加子宫内膜厚度，提高妊娠率、活产率等，但也有部分研究表明G-CSF能够使子宫内膜获得更好的血供，但对子宫内膜厚度、临床妊娠率或活产率并无明显改善；因此，还需更为严谨完善的前瞻性临床试验进行验证，来说明G-CSF对妊娠的影响。另外，G-CSF在生殖医学或妊娠期间的应用风险，虽然目前已有的研究所报道的剂量并不能说明会使母体或新生儿恶性肿瘤或后代畸形的风险更高，但其用药安全性仍需更多临床试验进行验证。</p></sec><sec id="s12"><title>文章引用</title><p>杨梦洁,曾湘晖. 粒细胞集落刺激因子在生殖领域的应用Application of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in the Field of Reproduction[J]. 医学诊断, 2024, 14(01): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.12677/MD.2024.141005</p></sec><sec id="s13"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.82433-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">茹慧波, 王树松, 张亦心, 王琇, 董九华, 薛淼淼, 杜丽荣. 粒细胞集落刺激因子在生殖领域应用的研究现状[J].中国临床药理学杂志, 2020, 36(7): 887-889.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="hanspub.82433-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">杨慧霞, 狄文, 朱兰. 国家卫生健康委员会住院医师规范化培训规划教材: 妇产科学[M]. 第2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="hanspub.82433-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">陈子江, 等. 生殖内分泌学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="hanspub.82433-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">何敏, 贾俊龙, 闫茜起, 莫少康, 常飞. 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