<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">
    jocr
   </journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>
     Journal of Organic Chemistry Research
    </journal-title>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn pub-type="epub">
    2330-5231
   </issn>
   <issn publication-format="print">
    2330-524X
   </issn>
   <publisher>
    <publisher-name>
     汉斯出版社
    </publisher-name>
   </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">
    10.12677/jocr.2024.122012
   </article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">
    jocr-83788
   </article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
     <subject>
      Articles
     </subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2">
     <subject>
      化学与材料
     </subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    吡咯里西啶生物碱的合成研究进展
    <br>Research Progress in the Synthesis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids</br>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
     <name name-style="western">
      <surname>
       李治乔
      </surname>
      <given-names></given-names>
     </name>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
     <name name-style="western">
      <surname>
       丹智才让
      </surname>
      <given-names></given-names>
     </name>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
     <name name-style="western">
      <surname>
       张 
      </surname>
      <given-names>
       怡
      </given-names>
     </name>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group> 
   <aff id="aff1">
    <addr-line>
     兰州交通大学化学化工学院，甘肃 兰州
    </addr-line> 
   </aff> 
   <pub-date pub-type="epub">
    <day>
     01
    </day> 
    <month>
     04
    </month>
    <year>
     2024
    </year>
   </pub-date> 
   <volume>
    12
   </volume> 
   <issue>
    02
   </issue>
   <fpage>
    149
   </fpage>
   <lpage>
    162
   </lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received">
     <day>
      1
     </day>
     <month>
      3
     </month>
     <year>
      ：2024
     </year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="published">
     <day>
      22
     </day>
     <month>
      3
     </month>
     <year>
      ：2024
     </year> 
    </date> 
    <date date-type="accepted">
     <day>
      22
     </day>
     <month>
      3
     </month>
     <year>
      ：2024
     </year> 
    </date>
   </history>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement>
     Copyright © 2024 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved. 
    </copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>
     2024
    </copyright-year>
    <license>
     <license-p>
      This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
     </license-p>
    </license>
   </permissions>
   <abstract>
    吡咯里西啶生物碱是天然产物中常见的结构成分之一，具有广泛的生物和药理活性。鉴于其强大的生物活性和相对较低的丰度，吸引了许多合成化学家的关注。这些化学家对这些偶氮双环系统表现出浓厚兴趣，因此提出了多种不同的合成策略用于制备各种吡咯里西啶衍生物，并研究其作为抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、免疫刺激剂或抗炎药物的潜在用途。在本文中主要综述了几类具有生物活性的吡咯里西啶生物碱的合成路径，重点介绍了其结构和主要合成方法，以为这一研究领域的进一步发展铺平道路。
    <br>Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are one of the common structural components in natural products with a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Currently, due to their strong biological activity and relatively low abundance, these compounds have attracted the attention of many synthetic chemists. These chemists showed great interest in these azo bicyclic systems, proposed a variety of different synthesis strategies to prepare various pyrrolizidine derivatives, and studied their potential uses as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti diabetes, immunostimulatory or anti-inflammatory drugs. In this article, we primarily examined the synthesis routes of a number of bioactive pyrrolizidine alkaloids, emphasizing their primary synthesis techniques and structures, hence opening the door for future advancements in this area of study.</br>
   </abstract>
   <kwd-group> 
    <kwd>
     吡咯里西啶生物碱，偶氮双环，生物活性，药理活性
     <br>Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids</br>
    </kwd> 
    <kwd>
      Azo Bicyclic Systems
    </kwd> 
    <kwd>
      Biological Activities
    </kwd> 
    <kwd>
      Pharmacological Activities
    </kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <sec id="s1">
   <title>1. 引言</title>
   <p>生物碱是一类来源于氨基酸的含氮分子，在自然界中的植物、微生物或动物中广泛存在。在植物中，生物碱可以以有机酸盐的形式存在，主要是苹果酸盐、乙酸盐和柠檬酸盐，或与其他分子结合。大多数生物碱具有碱性和亲油性，可溶于非极性有机溶剂和酒精<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-1">
     [1]
    </xref>。</p>
   <p>吡咯里西啶生物碱(PA)是一类由鸟氨酸衍生的生物碱，分布于某些类群的植物中，也存在于昆虫体内，昆虫通过摄取它们来抵御天敌<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-2">
     [2]
    </xref>。它们很少以吡咯烷碱的游离形式存在，而是以由necine碱(氨基醇)和一种或多种necic酸(一元或二羧酸)形成的酯(单环、双环或大环双酯)的形式出现，这也是它们结构多样性的原因。它们通常以三级碱或吡咯烷生物碱N-氧化物(PANO)的形式存在<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-3">
     [3]
    </xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图1">
     图1
    </xref>)。</p>
   <fig id="fig1" position="float">
    <label>Figure 1</label>
    <caption>
     <title>Figure 1. Structure of pyrrolizidine alkaloids--图1. 吡咯里西啶生物碱的结构--</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId14.jpeg?20240704050831" />
   </fig>
   <fig id="fig2" position="float">
    <label>Figure 2</label>
    <caption>
     <title>Figure 2. Classification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids--图2. 吡咯里西啶生物碱的分类--</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId15.jpeg?20240704050831" />
   </fig>
   <p>根据碱基的结构，吡咯里西啶生物碱(PA)可分为四类：倒千里光碱(Retronecine)型、奥托尼碱(Odonecine)型、阔叶千里光次碱(Platynecine)型和天芥菜碱(Heliotridine)型<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-4">
     [4]
    </xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图2">
     图2
    </xref>)。其中，Retronecine型，Otonecine型和Heliotridine型为不饱和碱基，而Platynecine型为饱和碱基<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-5">
     [5]
    </xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-6">
     [6]
    </xref>。在结构上，Otonecine型的结构最为显著，因为其在C-8位置发生氧化反应，形成单环结构，与其他基团形成双环结构不同<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-7">
     [7]
    </xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-8">
     [8]
    </xref>。Retronecine型和Heliotridine型互为非对映异构体，在C-7位置具有不同的取向<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-9">
     [9]
    </xref>。于此同时，针对不同类型的吡咯利西啶生物碱其合成方法也有所不同，其中Platynecine型生物碱的合成方法报道的相对较多，而Odonecine型生物碱的合成方法至今未见报道。下面将对吡咯里西啶生物碱的研究现状进行简单综述。</p>
  </sec><sec id="s2">
   <title>2. 吡咯里西啶生物碱的分离及应用</title>
   <p>吡咯里西啶生物碱作为生物碱家族的一个重要组成部分，存在于众多天然产物中，因其具有广泛的应用价值，得到了许多分离和合成化学家的青睐。其中，2005年Naoki Asano课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-10">
     [10]
    </xref>从Scilla peruviana 球茎中分离得到具有延长侧链(1-4)的澳大利亚型和风信子型生物碱(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图3">
     图3
    </xref>)。通过研究发现，这些生物碱对酵母a-葡萄糖苷酶(1:IC<sub>50</sub> = 6.6 μm; 3:IC<sub>50</sub> = 6.3 μm)或细菌β-葡萄糖苷酶(3:IC<sub>50</sub> = 5.1 μm)有很强的抑制作用。</p>
   <fig id="fig3" position="float">
    <label>Figure 3</label>
    <caption>
     <title>Figure 3. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid--图3. 吡咯里西啶生物碱--</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId16.jpeg?20240704050831" />
   </fig>
   <p>
    <xref></xref></p>
   <fig id="fig4" position="float">
    <label>Figure 4</label>
    <caption>
     <title>Figure 4. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid bistellettazine A-C--图4. 吡咯里西啶生物碱 bistellettazine A-C--</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId17.jpeg?20240704050831" />
   </fig>
   <p>
    <xref></xref>2008年Robert J. Capon在课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-11">
     [11]
    </xref>在一种海绵(Stellatta sp)的提取物中，首次分离得到了三种萜烯基吡咯里西啶结合物，即bistellettazine A-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图4">
     图4
    </xref>)，并且通过光谱分析和化学降解的方式研究鉴定了这种结构类型。于此同时，作者基于C<sub>14</sub>与C<sub>11</sub>或C<sub>14</sub>片段之间的Diels-Alder环加成反应，提出了一种合成途径。</p>
   <p>
    <xref></xref>吡咯里西啶生物碱Pochonicine 8是2009年Hirokazu Usuki课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-12">
     [12]
    </xref>从真菌菌株Pochonia suhlasporia var中分离得到一种酰胺取代的天然产物(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图5">
     图5
    </xref>)。在对该天然产物的研究中发现，Pochonicine显示出对多种β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶的有效抑制，其水平与天然抑制剂fnagstatin相当。此外，该化合物对GlcNAc 酶也表现出很好的抑制作用。</p>
   <p>
    <xref></xref></p>
   <fig id="fig5" position="float">
    <label>Figure 5</label>
    <caption>
     <title>Figure 5. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid Pochonicine--图5. 吡咯里西啶生物碱Pochonicine--</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId18.jpeg?20240704050831" />
   </fig>
   <p>
    <xref></xref>2012年，Kun Ga课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-13">
     [13]
    </xref>从西藏传统医学所使用的无毛橐吾(Ligularia achyrotricha)根中成功分离出一种新的吡咯里西啶生物碱ligulachyroine A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图6">
     图6
    </xref>)，以及八种已知的天然产物，并且通过光谱和质谱分析确定了其结构。此外，作者还通过细胞活性研究发现，ligulachyroine A对HL-60和SMMC-7721细胞表现出中度细胞毒性。</p>
   <fig id="fig6" position="float">
    <label>Figure 6</label>
    <caption>
     <title>Figure 6. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid Ligulachyroine A--图6. 吡咯里西啶生物碱Ligulachyroine A--</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId19.jpeg?20240704050831" />
   </fig>
   <p>
    <xref></xref>随着时间的推移，越来越多的吡咯里西啶天然产物被成功分离，例如Retrohoustine 10、Heliohoustine 11和Isoretrohoustine 12等<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-14">
     [14]
    </xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图7">
     图7
    </xref>)，它们作为重要的天然产物具有广阔的研究前景。此外，一些吡咯里西啶天然产物已在临床上用于治疗胃肠道、血液系统等肿瘤疾病。据统计，全球约有3%的开花植物含有吡咯里西啶生物碱，已在超过6000种植物中发现了超过660种吡咯里西啶天然产物及其氮氧化物，其中近一半具有生物活性和药理活性<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-15">
     [15]
    </xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-16">
     [16]
    </xref>。因此，推动吡咯里西啶生物碱的分离和合成具有更深入的研究价值。</p>
   <fig id="fig7" position="float">
    <label>Figure 7</label>
    <caption>
     <title>Figure 7. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid Retrohoustine、Heliohoustine and Isoretrohoustine--图7. 吡咯里西啶生物碱Retrohoustine、Heliohoustine和Isoretrohoustine--</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId20.jpeg?20240704050832" />
   </fig>
  </sec><sec id="s3">
   <title>3. 吡咯里西啶生物碱的合成</title>
   <sec id="s3_1">
    <title>3.1. Platynecine型吡咯里西啶生物碱的合成</title>
    <p>1994年，Scott E. Denmark及其团队<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-17">
      [17]
     </xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-8">
      [8]
     </xref>开发了一种高效的方法，利用连续的[4 + 2]和[3 + 2]环加成反应合成一系列1,7-顺式二取代吡咯里西啶生物碱(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图8">
      图8
     </xref>)。最初，他们将这一策略应用于(−)-hastanecine的全合成。该方法通过利用Lewis酸催化，将硝基烯烃3.1和含手性导向基团的乙烯基醚3.1进行[4 + 2]环加成反应，生成硝酸酯3.3，随后与马来酸二甲酯进行[3 + 2]环加成反应，形成化合物3.4。亚硝基缩醛3.4作为单一的非对映异构体，经过N-O还原裂解和双重缩合得到吡咯利嗪酮3.5。随后，吡咯利嗪酮3.5经去除C-(2)位的羟基得到化合物3.6，最后对3.6的苯甲酰基和酯基进行还原，最终以71%的总收率得到吡咯里西啶生物碱(−)-hastanecine。</p>
    <p>
     <xref></xref></p>
    <fig id="fig8" position="float">
     <label>Figure 8</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 8. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (−)-hastanecine--图8. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(−)-hastanecine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId21.jpeg?20240704050834" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig9" position="float">
     <label>Figure 9</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 9. Pyrrolizidine biologicals--图9. 吡咯里西啶生物碱--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId22.jpeg?20240704050834" />
    </fig>
    <p>
     <xref></xref>该方法的优点是两种环化反应都具有很高的立体选择性。后来，一些学者将这种方法应用于合成其他新的吡咯里西啶生物碱，如(−)-rosmarinecine <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-18">
      [18]
     </xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-19">
      [19]
     </xref>，(−)-platynecine <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-20">
      [20]
     </xref>，(+)macronecine <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-21">
      [21]
     </xref>，(+)-petasinecine <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-21">
      [21]
     </xref>，和(+)-crotanecine <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-21">
      [21]
     </xref>等(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图9">
      图9
     </xref>)。</p>
    <p>2006年，Donald Craig的研究小组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-22">
      [22]
     </xref>成功利用钯(0)催化的分子内环化反应，以高度立体选择性合成了吡咯里西啶生物碱(−)-trachelanthamidine (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图10">
      图10
     </xref>)。该方法以N-叔丁氧羰基-L-脯氨酸甲酯为起始原料，经过5步反应合成了碳酸烯丙酯3.7。通过使用催化量的三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)和亚磷酸三异丙酯处理3.7，促使π-烯丙基络合物的形成，随后进行分子内环化反应，成功合成了一对不可分离的非对映异构体的吡咯里西啶混合物3.8。随后，对C = C键进行臭氧氧化，同时去除甲苯磺酰基并对内酰胺3.9进行还原，最终得到吡咯里西啶生物碱(−)-trachelanthamidine。</p>
    <p>2010年，Livinghouse小组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-23">
      [23]
     </xref>采用过渡金属催化非共轭γ-氨基二烯双氢化(C(3)-N + N-C(5))的策略，成功合成了吡咯里西啶生物碱(±)-xenovenine (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图11">
      图11
     </xref>)。该策略首先利用腙3.10合成了外消旋5-氨基-1，8-二烯3.11，随后通过中性Sc (III)酰胺络合物3.12介导的连续双环化方式进行反应。在这两种情况下，末端烯基的氢化反应均在温和条件下进行，表现出很高的非对映选择性(dr 50:1)和高转化率(&gt;95%)。但是，吡咯烷3.13的加成反应进展缓慢，即使在120℃时，转化率也很低。</p>
    <fig id="fig10" position="float">
     <label>Figure 10</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 10. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (−)-trachelanthamidine--图10. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(−)-trachelanthamidine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId23.jpeg?20240704050834" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig11" position="float">
     <label>Figure 11</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 11. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (±)-xenovenine--图11. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(±)-xenovenine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId24.jpeg?20240704050834" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig12" position="float">
     <label>Figure 12</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 12. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (−) rosmarinecine--图12. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(−) rosmarinecine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId25.jpeg?20240704050834" />
    </fig>
    <p>在吡咯里西啶生物碱的[3 + 2]环加成反应合成中，各种硝酮的1,3-偶极环是最常见的方法(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图12">
      图12
     </xref>)。在2012年至2013年期间，Shuji Akai <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-24">
      [24]
     </xref>和Yasuyuki Kita <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-25">
      [25]
     </xref>等人描述了一种无保护基的四步合成方法，用于合成吡咯里西啶生物碱(−) rosmarinecine。该方法以吡咯盐酸盐为起始原料。在这一方法中，起始吡咯盐酸盐经过2-(苯磺酰基)-1,2-恶唑烷3.13氧化得到外消旋硝酮3.14 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-26">
      [26]
     </xref>，然后将其引入与马来酸酯3.15的脂肪酶催化的动态不对称转化中，形成中间体3.16。随后，经过分子内1,3-偶极环加成反应得到三环异噁唑烷3.17。将三环异噁唑烷3.17经过N-O键的氢解得到化合物3.18，随后对3.18进行还原，最终得到吡咯里西啶生物碱(−) rosmarinecine。同时，通过这一策略获得的异恶唑烷还可以作为各种天然化合物的关键前体。</p>
    <p>2017年，Santosh J. Gharpure课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-27">
      [27]
     </xref>以L-焦谷氨酸作为起始原料，成功合成了(+)-3-epi-epohelmin A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图13">
      图13
     </xref>)。在这一方法中，L-焦谷氨酸经过5步转化为β-[2-(重氮乙酰基)吡咯烷-1-基]丙烯酸乙酯3.19，并通过铜催化的分子内[2 + 1]-环加成反应得到环丙烷3.20。在AIBN存在下，环丙烷3.20经过三丁基锡氢还原，形成区域选择性的吡咯里西啶-1,5-二酮3.21。随后，二酮3.21经过9步转化最终得到(+)-3-epi-epohelmin A。此外，作者还希望通过这一合成序列实现(+)-3-epi-epohelmin A的合成。然而，令人遗憾的是，在反应的后期，C-(3)原子发生了异构化，并没有实现。</p>
    <fig id="fig13" position="float">
     <label>Figure 13</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 13. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-3-epi-epohelmin A--图13. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-3-epi-epohelmin A的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId26.jpeg?20240704050834" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig14" position="float">
     <label>Figure 14</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 14. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (−)-isoretronecanol, (+)-laburnine, and (+)-turneforcidine--图14. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(−)-isoretronecanol，(+)-laburnine，和(+)-turneforcidine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId27.jpeg?20240704050834" />
    </fig>
    <p>2019年，Yu-Fu Liang课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-28">
      [28]
     </xref>报道了使用(+)-酮基丙酸N，N-二异丙基酰胺3.22作为手性助剂合成(−)-isoretronecanol，(+)-laburnine，和(+)-turneforcidine的方法(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图14">
      图14
     </xref>)。在这一方法中，亚氨基甘氨酸盐3.23经过3个步骤转化为吡咯烷酮3.24，并同时获得起始原料3.22。对3.24进行N-烷基化，然后将酯基转化为乙烯基，生成二烯混合物3.25-a和3.25-b (比例为10:1)，随后通过烯烃复分解反应进一步制得吡咯嗪衍生物，最终经过氢化还原实现了吡咯里西啶生物碱(−)-isoretronecanol，(+)-laburnine，和(+)-turneforcidine的合成。</p>
   </sec>
   <sec id="s3_2">
    <title>3.2. Heliotridine型吡咯里西啶生物碱的合成</title>
    <p>2003年，Alberto Brandi等研究人员<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-29">
      [29]
     </xref>运用1,3-偶极环加成反应完成了吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine的全合成(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图15">
      图15
     </xref>)。该研究以L-苹果酸二乙酯为起始原料，通过5步反应成功合成了对硝酮3.27。随后，硝酮3.27与4-溴巴豆酸乙酯进行非对映选择性的[3 + 2]环加成反应，得到了不稳定的异恶唑烷3.28。恶唑烷3.28经过进一步的N-O键的氢解和原位环化反应得到羟基吡咯烷酮3.29。在碱性条件下，对3.29进行甲磺酰化得到不饱和酯3.30，最终通过DIBAL-H和三氟乙酸水溶液的处理，成功以17%的总收率合成了目标产物(+)-heliotridine生物碱。</p>
    <p>在2004年，Yeun-Min Tsai课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-30">
      [30]
     </xref>从(±)-苹果酸衍生的酰亚胺3.31出发，以高立体选择性合成了吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图16">
      图16
     </xref>)。该方法依靠酰亚胺3.31中已有的手性中心，可以任意控制新形成的相邻手性中心的立体化学。在该方法中，作者首先使用三苯基膦和偶氮二甲酸二异丙酯(DIAD) 3.35将酰亚胺3.31与2-苯基硫代乙醇进行偶联。随后加入催化量的樟脑磺酸(CSA)得到酰亚胺醇3.32。接着，使用过量的三甲基甲硅烷基乙炔锂处理酰亚胺醇3.32，获得非对映体内酰胺二醇3.33的混合物。将该二醇混合物直接还原为单一异构体的内酰胺3.32，然后在保护羟基的同时用NCS处理，MCPBA氧化，得到a-氯砜3.35 (86%)。将3.35与过量的氢化三丁基锡反应，得到双环内酰胺3.37，再与苯基亚苯基溴反应得到单一异构体3.38。最后，在18-冠-6的存在下，用乙酸钾置换溴化物，然后水解得到吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine。</p>
    <p>
     <xref></xref></p>
    <fig id="fig15" position="float">
     <label>Figure 15</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 15. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-heliotridine--图15. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId28.jpeg?20240704050835" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig16" position="float">
     <label>Figure 16</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 16. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-heliotridine--图16. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId29.jpeg?20240704050835" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig17" position="float">
     <label>Figure 17</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 17. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-heliotridine--图17. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId30.jpeg?20240704050835" />
    </fig>
    <p>2006年，Goti课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-31">
      [31]
     </xref>介绍了一种以相应的内酯为起始原料制备吡咯里嗪生物碱rosmarinecine类似物的简单新方法(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图17">
      图17
     </xref>)。该方法的合成效率取决于未保护的羟胺与易得的内酯的缩合，以及随后与甲磺酰氯进行酯化反应的化学选择性。在这个方法中，硝酮3.40可以通过与D-赤藓糖丙酮3.39反应获得，经过与马来酸二甲酯的环加成后生成主要的非对映异构体3.41。非对映异构体3.41经过N-O键的氢解产生内酰胺3.42，然后选择性还原，再通过甲磺酸盐促进的区域选择性脱水，最终经过还原和水解等步骤，得到吡咯里嗪生物碱rosmarinecine的类似物7a-epi-crotanecine 3.44。</p>
   </sec>
   <sec id="s3_3">
    <title>3.3. Retronecine型吡咯里西啶生物碱的合成</title>
    <p>1980年，William Fenical教授领导的研究团队<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-32">
      [32]
     </xref>利用[3 + 2]环加成反应成功合成了吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-retronecine (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图18">
      图18
     </xref>)。在这个反应中，丙烯酸甲酯与原位生成的1-[(三甲基硅基)甲基]吡咯烷-2-酮3.45的甲亚胺叶立德3.46进行了1,3-偶极环加成反应，随后通过消除一分子甲醇得到了化合物3.48。将共轭酯3.48经过催化加氢转化为3.49，最终通过官能团异构化实现了吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-retronecine的合成。</p>
    <fig id="fig18" position="float">
     <label>Figure 18</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 18. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (±)-retronecine--图18. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(±)-retronecine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId31.jpeg?20240704050836" />
    </fig>
    <p>同年，Bernard T. Golding课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-33">
      [33]
     </xref>报道了一种合成(±)-heliotridine和(±)-retronecine的方法，该方法通过逆Diels-Alder反应和分子内[4 + 2]反应进行(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图19">
      图19
     </xref>)。在该方法中，9,10-二甲基蒽衍生物3.50经过逆Diels-Alder反应原位生成酰基亚硝基二烯3.51，随后通过分子内[4 + 2]反应转化为1,2-恶嗪3.52，紧接着通过三步转化得到内酰胺3.53-a和3.53-b。最后，内酰胺3.53经过连续的去保护以及LiAlH4还原等步骤，成功实现了(±)-heliotridine和(±)-retronecine的全合成。</p>
    <p>1983年，Kiyoyuki Yamada教授领导的研究团队<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-34">
      [34]
     </xref>利用环酮酸酯3.54作为起始原料，成功合成了吡咯里西啶生物碱(±)-retronecine (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图20">
      图20
     </xref>)。在这一合成方法中，环酮酸酯3.54首先在室温条件下通过Bn-N键的催化氢解，得到烯胺3.55，随后化合物3.55经过C(7)-羟基化和C = C键加氢还原，得到了羟基酯3.56和三环内酯3.57的混合物。紧接着，空间受阻的内酯3.57发生硒化反应得到相应的衍生物3.58。最后，将3.58还原为二醇3.59，随后进行消除反应，最终得到吡咯里西啶生物碱(±)-retronecine。</p>
    <fig id="fig19" position="float">
     <label>Figure 19</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 19. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (±)-heliotridine and (±)-retronecine--图19. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(±)-heliotridine和(±)-retronecine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId32.jpeg?20240704050836" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig20" position="float">
     <label>Figure 20</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 20. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (±)-retronecine--图20. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(±)-retronecine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId33.jpeg?20240704050836" />
    </fig>
    <p>
     <xref></xref>2001年，John L. Wood课题组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-35">
      [35]
     </xref>利用偶氮化合物3.60作为起始原料，经过一系列步骤，包括Claisen重排、[3,3]-重排和硼氢化还原，成功实现了对(+)-latifoline的全合成(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图21">
      图21
     </xref>)。在该反应中，(S)-戊-3-烯-2-醇与衍生自偶氮化合物3.60的类羰基铑发生了O-烷基化反应，随后经历了[3,3]重排反应，形成了关键中间体3.61。通过烯烃的臭氧化和内半缩醛的TPAP氧化生成内酯，紧接着通过苄基酯的氢解得到(+)-latifolic酸3.63。最后，通过将(+)-retronecine与活化形式的(+)-latifolic酸进行连续酯化，成功实现了吡咯里西啶产物(+)-latifoline 3.65的合成。</p>
    <fig id="fig21" position="float">
     <label>Figure 21</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 21. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-latifoline--图21. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-latifoline的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId34.jpeg?20240704050836" />
    </fig>
    <fig id="fig22" position="float">
     <label>Figure 22</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 22. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid(+)-retronecine--图22. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-retronecine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId35.jpeg?20240704050836" />
    </fig>
    <p>
     <xref></xref>2005年，Philippe Delair的研究小组<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-36">
      [36]
     </xref>利用内酰胺作为起始原料，通过合成手性烯醇醚3.66，成功实现了吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-retronecine的合成(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图22">
      图22
     </xref>)。在这个合成方法中，研究人员首先通过手性烯醇醚3.66与二氯烯酮的高选择性[2 + 2]-环加成反应，然后经过Beckmann环扩展和还原反应，以非对映体富集的方式制备了中间体。随后，通过内部诱导成功地引入了后续的立体中心，最终成功合成了吡咯里西啶天然产物(+)-retronecine。</p>
    <p>2009年，Henk Hiemstra教授领导的研究团队<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hans.83788-37">
      [37]
     </xref>报道了吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine和ent-(−)-retronecine的合成方法(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig图23">
      图23
     </xref>)。该方法首先利用L-苹果酸衍生物合成吡咯烷酮3.69。在三氟化硼乙醚的催化下，将新合成的吡咯烷酮3.69与炔丙基硅烷3.70反应，得到化合物3.71。随后，在Au(I)络合物和四氟硼酸银的催化下，环化中间体烯3.71，生成双环内酰胺3.72-a和3.72-b。最后，经过分离纯化后，这些非对映体内酰胺被分别还原，得到相应的吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine和ent-(−)-retronecine。</p>
    <fig id="fig23" position="float">
     <label>Figure 23</label>
     <caption>
      <title>Figure 23. Synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (+)-heliotridine and ent-(−)-retronecine--图23. 吡咯里西啶生物碱(+)-heliotridine和ent-(−)-retronecine的合成--</title>
     </caption>
     <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2970235-rId36.jpeg?20240704050836" />
    </fig>
   </sec>
   <sec id="s3_4">
    <title>3.4. 小结</title>
    <p>在前文中，我们对吡咯里西啶生物碱骨架的构建方法进行了系统总结，并成功将其嵌入了Retronecine、Odonecine、Platynecine和Heliotridine四种类型的骨架中。这些方法涉及各种环化反应，可提供具有所需取代基排列的双环骨架。此外，这些方法通常需要使用手性底物或手性助剂。随着有机化学的不断发展，仍有许多更为强大的方法尚待发现，这些方法将属于已讨论过的合成策略之中。</p>
   </sec>
  </sec><sec id="s4">
   <title>4. 总结</title>
   <p>迄今为止，吡咯利嗪类化合物的合成方法多种多样，但是吡咯里西啶生物碱的合成路线相对有限。鉴于吡咯里西啶生物碱的庞大数量体系和重要的研究价值，在本文中，我们根据吡咯里西啶生物碱结构特点，对其部分合成方法进行了综述。这些方法主要通过各种环化反应和环加成反应构建所需的双环骨架。此外，这些方法通常涉及手性底物或手性催化剂的使用，但是对于某些化合物手性中心的构建目前仍存在挑战，还需要在后续研究中进一步研究。</p>
  </sec><sec id="s5">
   <title>NOTES</title>
   <p><sup>*</sup>通讯作者。</p>
  </sec>
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