<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Comparative Chemistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2574-4127</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/cc.2023.74004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">CC-84055</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>cc202374_11230042.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>化学与材料</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  蛋白结合毒素清除材料的研究进展
  Research Progress on Protein-Bound Toxin Removal Materials
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>楼</surname><given-names>昱宽</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>张</surname><given-names>苏华</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>上海理工大学健康科学与工程学院，上海</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>07</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  随着平均寿命的上升，慢性肾脏病患者的人数与比例都在逐年增加。蛋白结合毒素已被证明是诱发多种尿毒症并发症的关键因素，而且传统血液透析无法对蛋白结合毒素产生良好的清除效果。近年来，有关蛋白结合毒素清除材料的研究呈增多趋势，本文将基于应用于血液透析与血液灌流的吸附材料两种类型来进行综述。
   As the average life expectancy increases, the number and proportion of patients with chronic kidney disease are increasing year by year. Protein-bound toxins have been shown to be a key factor in inducing a variety of uremic complications, and traditional hemodialysis cannot produce a good removal effect on protein-bound toxins. In recent years, research on protein-bound toxin removal materials has been increasing. This article will review based on two types of adsorbent materials used in hemodialysis and hemoperfusion.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>蛋白结合毒素，吸附材料，血液灌流，血液透析, Protein-Bound Toxins</kwd><kwd> Adsorbent Materials</kwd><kwd> Hemoperfusion</kwd><kwd> Hemodialysis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>摘要</title><p>随着平均寿命的上升，慢性肾脏病患者的人数与比例都在逐年增加。蛋白结合毒素已被证明是诱发多种尿毒症并发症的关键因素，而且传统血液透析无法对蛋白结合毒素产生良好的清除效果。近年来，有关蛋白结合毒素清除材料的研究呈增多趋势，本文将基于应用于血液透析与血液灌流的吸附材料两种类型来进行综述。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>关键词</title><p>蛋白结合毒素，吸附材料，血液灌流，血液透析</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Research Progress on Protein-Bound Toxin Removal Materials<sup> </sup></title><p>Yukuan Lou<sup>1</sup>, Suhua Zhang<sup>1,2*</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai</p><p><sup>2</sup>Department of Nephrology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Shanghai</p><p>Received: Mar. 9<sup>th</sup>, 2024; accepted: Apr. 1<sup>st</sup>, 2024; published: Apr. 8<sup>th</sup>, 2024</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>As the average life expectancy increases, the number and proportion of patients with chronic kidney disease are increasing year by year. Protein-bound toxins have been shown to be a key factor in inducing a variety of uremic complications, and traditional hemodialysis cannot produce a good removal effect on protein-bound toxins. In recent years, research on protein-bound toxin removal materials has been increasing. This article will review based on two types of adsorbent materials used in hemodialysis and hemoperfusion.</p><p>Keywords:Protein-Bound Toxins, Adsorbent Materials, Hemoperfusion, Hemodialysis</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.84055-formula1"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/1-1230042x5_hanspub.png?20240409093515976"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/1-1230042x6_hanspub.png?20240409093515976" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/1-1230042x7_hanspub.png?20240409093515976" /></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>1. 前言</title><p>慢性肾脏病(Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD)患者的数量正在逐年增加 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref1">1</xref>] ，CKD患者常有肾脏代谢功能障碍，这会导致各种毒素蓄积 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref2">2</xref>] 。尿毒症毒素的逐渐积累会导致尿毒症症状，并与发病率和死亡率增加相关 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref3">3</xref>] 。尿毒症毒素可分为：1) 小分子水溶性毒素(尿素和肌酐)；2) 中分子毒素(VB12)和3) 蛋白结合毒素(Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins, PBUTs) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref4">4</xref>] ，这种结合亲和力使得透析去除蛋白质结合的尿毒症毒素取决于结合部分和游离部分之间的平衡。传统的血液透析不能有效去除蛋白质结合的尿毒症毒素 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref5">5</xref>] 。</p><p>硫酸吲哚酚(Indoxyl sulfate, IS)和硫酸对甲酚(p-cresyl sulfate, PCS)是蛋白质结合尿毒症毒素的典型物质，一旦肾排泄功能下降就会积累，这两种蛋白结合毒素被广泛研究 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref6">6</xref>] 。CKD患者血液中PBUTs浓度过高会导致多种不良后果，包括肾衰竭进展加快 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref7">7</xref>] 、心血管疾病和死亡率增加以及全因死亡率升高 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref8">8</xref>] 。</p><p>目前已经发现了几种降低PBUTs的治疗方式，包括降低PBUTs的产生与清除毒素。减少毒素的产生可以通过饮食蛋白质限制、通过补充益生元或益生菌来进行。关于增强毒素清除，目前主流的方法有血液透析(Hemodialysis, HD)联合血液灌流(Hemoperfusion, HP)进行血液净化。近年来，能够高效安全清除PBUTs的材料已成为研究热点，不断有研究提出新的思路。本文将介绍基于吸附的PBUTs清除技术的发展历程，并从材料学的角度出发，简述近期关于PBUTs清除材料的研究进展。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>2. 基于吸附的PBUTs清除技术发展历程</title><p>血液透析(HD)是减少血液中高浓度尿毒症毒素的主要技术 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref9">9</xref>] 。多年来，透析治疗已改善了许多尿毒症毒素的有效清除，主要是小水溶性化合物和中分子，但传统方法在对PBUTs清除方面效果有限。有限的去除效果与PBUTs的高分布体积比和强蛋白质键有关，这会损害HD期间的清除效果，这是透析膜特性的直接结果 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref10">10</xref>] 。作用机制基于溶质通过扩散和/或对流原理通过半透膜的物理运输。溶质跨半透膜的传输是通过表面特征的孔隙进行的，它们的尺寸和分布形态影响净化行为 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref11">11</xref>] 。孔的截止值是可变的，但它始终保持白蛋白分子量(66.5 kDa)作为目标，以设置膜渗透性，以免导致低白蛋白血症或其他有害的后果 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref12">12</xref>] 。因此，由于PBUTs会与白蛋白的结合的特性，与游离的水溶性低分子量分子相比，传统HD技术对PBUTs的清除效果较差。</p><p>血液灌流技术于1948年被首次使用于消除尿毒症毒素 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref13">13</xref>] ，然而由于其会导致各种不良反应，包括生物相容性差、血小板大量丢失和溶血，吸附剂在临床实践中的应用受到限制。一直到了20世纪90年代末，材料和生产工艺的改进促进了新的潜在吸附剂的开发，人们对其在体外净化系统中的使用兴趣不断增长。</p><p>首次尝试以血液透析滤过(Hemodiafiltration, HFR)技术为代表，该技术同时结合了对流、扩散和吸附作为净化机制 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref15">15</xref>] 。其原理是使用双级过滤器，由第一对流级的高通量透析器和第二扩散级的低通量透析器组成。第一阶段允许从血液中分离超滤液，并在第二个回路中通过吸附剂树脂盒进行处理，该吸附剂树脂盒能够吸附多种尿毒症毒素和细胞因子，但不吸附白蛋白 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref16">16</xref>] 。然后纯化的超滤被重新注入血液中，并通过执行传统HD的第二阶段。</p><p>为了提高该技术的性能，研究人员开发了SUPRAHFR [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref17">17</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref18">18</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref19">19</xref>] ，在对流阶段使用超高通量膜，从而获得富含白蛋白的超滤液，即富含PBUTs的超滤液。考虑到吸附剂树脂显示出不保留白蛋白的能力，这使得可以在没有白蛋白损失的情况下进行操作 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref16">16</xref>] 。</p><p>随着材料、生物相容性和生产工艺方面的技术进步，通过将吸附剂材料直接集成到当前的HD系统中，无需任何超滤或血浆分离，已经产生了更可行的解决方案(HP + HD)，并且具有相同的结果。图1展示了随时间变化的技术配置解决方案。表1展示了多年来有关PBUTs去除的主要临床前和临床研究摘要。</p><p>图1. 多年来基于吸附的PBUTs去除技术的演变</p><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Summary of major preclinical and clinical studies on PBUTs removal over the year</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >作者</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >实验人数</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >使用技术</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >结论</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >参考文献</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Martinez A.W. et al.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >HD</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >HD很难清除PCS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref20">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Itoh Y. et al.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >HD</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >HD无法有效去PBUTs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Basile C. et al.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >HD治疗时间延长</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >没有观察到统计学上的显着差异</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref22">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Krieter D.H. et al.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >传统HD与HDF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >HD和HDF治疗形式的对PBUTs清除能力相当</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lesaffer G. et al.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >高通量透析与HD</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >与HD相比，高通量膜在去除PBUTs方面 似乎并无优势</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref10">10</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Monari E. et al.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >HFR与Supra HFR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Supra-HFR在去除与尿毒症综合征相关的 中分子方面表现出更高的效率</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref19">19</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Meyer T.W. et al.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >体外实验</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >活性炭 + HD</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >在HD中添加吸附剂可以增加PBUTs的清除率， 与传统HD相比，去除率提高了一倍。</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref24">24</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>表1. 多年来有关PBUTs去除的主要临床前和临床研究摘要</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>3. PBUTs清除材料近年来的研究进展</title><p>基于吸附的净化技术似乎是达到预期目的最佳方案，但目前还有许多待改进的因素，尤其是对更安全，清除效果更好的吸附材料的迫切需要，下面将简述最近几年在该领域的研究进展。</p><sec id="s7_1"><title>3.1. PBUTs清除材料在HD的研究进展</title><p>通过在透析液中添加与PBUTs具有高亲和能力的吸附剂，打破透析摸两侧的弥散和对流平衡被证明是一个有效提高PBUTs清除能力的方法。大连理工大学贾凌云教授团队首次将交联聚环糊精(poly-β-Cyclodextrins, PCD)用作透析中内标的水溶性吸附剂。β-环糊精(β-CD)是一种杯状环状寡糖，由七个葡萄糖单元组成，具有内部疏水空腔和外部亲水壳。将β-CD与环氧氯丙烷交联，合成聚合β-CD (PCD)，并控制反应时间使PCD的尺寸大于透析膜的截留分子量，确保其不会进入血液。在透析液中加入PCD有助于提高对IS的清除能力，同时不会对透析膜产生负面影响。此外，由于吸附剂不与血液直接接触，这使其成为临床应用中的安全方法 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref25">25</xref>] 。</p><p>上海第九人民医院丁峰教授团队在首次报道了普通脂质体作为PBUTs清除剂的研究后，进行了一系列的改性优化，合成了一种用于添加至透析液的阳离子脂质体吸附剂。脂质体是是由同心脂质双层形成的中空球形颗粒，有包裹多种生物活性剂的能力。将聚乙烯亚胺与胆固醇氯甲酸酯(Chol-PEI, CP)缀合，同时在合成过程中添加亚油酸(Linoleic Acid, LA)以提供脂质体胶体稳定性，最终合成了PEI锚定、LA修饰的脂质体(CP-LA)。阳离子脂质体相较于普通脂质体，具有更高的PBUTs结合率和去除率，尤其是具有强负电荷的PBUTs。此外，CP-LA具有较好的生物相容性，在临床透析治疗中具有清除PBUTs的巨大潜力 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref26">26</xref>] 。</p><p>另一个研究方向则是对透析膜进行改性。中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所刘富教授团队制备了一种在聚砜膜基质中结合胺、多酚、双金属离子络合的新型吸附膜。将铁离子(Fe<sup>2+</sup>)与单宁酸(Tannic Acid, TA)在水中络合，形成金属酚网络(TA/Fe)，后将其滴入含有聚乙烯亚胺(Poly Ethyleneimine, PEI)的聚砜(Poly Sulfone, PSf)溶液中，TA与PEI由静电络合为TA-PEI。在其相转化过程中使用ZnCL<sub>2</sub>水溶液作凝固浴，Zn<sup>2+</sup>离子进一步与TA的儿茶酚基团配位，形成胺/多酚缀合物的结构，从而在膜中形成PEI-TA/FeZn的络合物。该膜在满足了传统透析功能的同时，对马尿酸(Hippuric Acid, HA)、PCS与IS都有较好的吸附能力，且生物相容性足够安全，显示出其巨大的临床应用潜力 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref27">27</xref>] 。</p><p>桃园长庚纪念医院方基存教授团队在聚醚砜(Poly Ethersulfone, PES)透析膜上修饰导电纳米纤维垫，使用静电纺丝制备的纳米纤维垫具有高耐水性和对传统PES透析膜的强附着力。基于生物电子接口(Bioelectronic Interfaces, BEI)的HD装置，通过电触发HSA-PBUTs结合的解离，有效去除透析液中的PBUTs。此外，WCNT/PEDOT:PSS纳米纤维表现出高血液相容性，具有良好的抗凝能力、低血小板粘附及低溶血率等特点，具有巨大发展潜力 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref28">28</xref>] 。</p></sec><sec id="s7_2"><title>3.2. PBUTs清除材料在HP的研究进展</title><p>研制同时具有优秀生物相容性与强大吸附性能的吸附材料向来都是研究热点。广州医科大学黄玉刚教授团队使用多孔丙烯腈/二乙烯基苯交联为共聚物珠，后将其热解，制备了用于清除PBUTs的生物安全好且高效的含氮多孔碳吸附剂(NPCA)珠。由于NPCA珠具有介孔/微孔分级结构，且表面具有丰富的含氮官能团，可实现在人血浆中的高效PBUTs吸附。此外，NPCA珠对中等分子量毒素也表现出较好的吸附能力，并具有良好的生物相容性。相较于目前常用的商用吸附材料，NPCA具有更大优势，在临床治疗的血液净化应用中是一种有吸引力且有前途的材料 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref29">29</xref>] 。</p><p>东北师范大学朱广山教授团队使用多孔芳香骨架(Porous Aromatic Frameworks, PAFs)，制备了一种具有超强胆红素清除能力的吸附剂，对胆红素吸附能力高达1249 mg/g，且仅需5分钟即可将150 mg/L胆红素溶液吸附至正常水平。此外，由于PAFs本身具有卓越的稳定性，在生物相容性方面表现优异，溶血率、选择性吸附都达到安全标准。这项工作为设计基于PAFs的胆红素吸附剂提供了新的可能性，具有良好的应用前景 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref30">30</xref>] 。</p><p>在吸附材料表面进行修饰，以改进其生物相容性同样被广泛研究。大连理工大学贾凌云教授团队报告了一种微纳米结构设计，通过结合纳米多孔空心微球和有吸附PBUTs能力的纳米颗粒(PPNU)，来合成一种新型的与血液相容的血液灌流吸收剂，并在材料表面修饰肝素(PPNUH)，以不影响材料吸附位点为前提，大幅提高了生物相容性。PPNUH不仅对各种PBUTs都具有较强的吸附能力，且由于其为微纳米材料，吸附速度极快，在模拟血液灌流实验中，仅使用一分钟便去除了70%的PBUTs。强力、快速、安全是该纳米多孔空心微球的特点，为日后开发血液灌流材料提供了新的指导思想 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref31">31</xref>] 。</p><p>暨南大学周长忍教授团队将静电纺丝和表面分子印迹(Molecularly Imprinted, MIP)技术结合起来，制备了一种表面分子印迹电纺PES纤维垫，该纤维垫使用胆红素与聚多巴胺溶液修饰于PES纤维垫表面，后使用甲醇/乙酸溶液清除嵌入聚多巴胺涂层的胆红素，得到有分子印迹的聚多巴胺涂层修饰于静电纺丝的表面。该纤维垫具有较强的胆红素清除能力，更短的平衡时间以及极强的选择性吸附。此外，由于表面修饰有聚多巴胺涂层，生物相容性得到进一步的优化，抗溶血性能十分优秀，这项工作为构建更实用的PES@MIP胆红素吸附剂提供了新思路 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref32">32</xref>] 。</p><p>除修饰抗凝剂外，构筑设计材料表面结构，使其呈现类肝素的结构，也能达到自身抗凝的能力。四川大学赵长生教授团队基于π-π相互作用机理，制备了一种用于血液灌流的凯夫拉基复合凝胶珠。首先，通过液–液相分离法，合成凯夫拉纳米纤维–氧化石墨烯(Kevlar Nanofiber-Graphene Oxide, K-GO)珠。后通过π-π相互作用将对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SS)吸附到K-GO表面，形成具有交联结构的复合凝胶珠。由于其表面具有类肝素结构与双网络结构，其自抗凝能力与机械强度都表现出色。此外，由于强电荷作用与π-π相互作用，该凝胶珠对包括胆红素在内的多种毒素都具有较强的吸附能力，且仅需30分钟便可将血液中的毒素降低至正常水平。这项工作为未来临床治疗提供了新策略 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref33">33</xref>] 。</p><p>中山大学陈六平教授团队使用绿色水包二氧化碳高内相乳液与聚乙烯醇(Poly Vinyl Alcohol, PVA)乳化，合成表面具有类肝素结构的吸附剂。该吸附剂具有良好的机械性能、稳定的溶胀性能，对尿素、肌酐、胆红素都有较强的吸附能力。由于表面含有大量硫磺基，可以与凝血因子结合并阻止纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白，从而加强材料的抗凝血能力，此外，材料表面具有大量亲水基团，增强了选择性吸附的能力。该材料能够减少肝素使用以减轻使用肝素的副作用，在HP方面具有潜在的用途 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref34">34</xref>] 。</p><p>将吸附材料装载于更安全且具有良好渗透性的介质中，能在轻微影响吸附能力的前提下，提高灌流材料的生物相容性。天津大学张雷教授团队开发了一种基于两性离子聚羧基甜菜碱(Poly-Carboxybetaine, PCB)水凝胶和粉末活性炭(Powdered Activated Carbon, PAC)的新型防污吸附剂，这种新型吸附剂(PCB-PAC)高度稳定，活性炭碎片的泄漏可以忽略不计。该吸附剂在对影响PAC吸附能力影响较小的情况下，大幅提高了PAC的生物相容性。此外，该吸附剂能够吸附胆红素，而原本的PAC却没有表现出对胆红素的吸附效果，说明PCB本身具有一定的对胆红素清除能力。这项工作的发现具有巨大潜力，为血液灌流材料的发展提供新思路 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref35">35</xref>] 。</p><p>该团队后续推进了基于聚苯乙烯树脂(H103)微粒的血液吸附剂，将微粒装载于PCB水凝胶中。由于PCB水凝胶的抗生物污染性能，与良好的渗透性，且该吸附剂具有优秀的机械强度与稳定性与良好的生物相容性，且对PBUTs具有较强的清除能力，可以显着提高当前直接从血液中去除毒素的体外装置的性能和效率 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84055-ref36">36</xref>] 。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s8"><title>4. 总结与展望</title><p>大量研究已经表明，PBUTs是导致CKD患者不良临床结果的关键因素，直接关联到CKD患者的生存希望与生活质量，故研究PBUTs清除材料具有重要的临床意义。由于PBUTs常与蛋白结合存在，传统HD很难将其清除。目前，研究新材料以提高治疗过程中PBUTs的清除能力已成为行业内热点，在HD与HP领域都有新材料被研发并证实具有进一步深入研究的潜力。尽管如此，文献中很少有支持科学经验的结论性结果，实际的临床意义也还需要大量临床数据验证。未来的研究应关注同时减少上游PBUTs的生成，并增加下游的清除率的协同治疗模式。此外，进一步研究去除毒素对临床结果、并发症和死亡率的影响也是重中之重。目前，研究PBUTs清除材料还面临着研究人才不足的困境，大部分材料研究人才缺乏专业医学知识，反之亦然。幸运的是，随着医工交叉的概念被逐渐重视且广泛接受，想必当前遇到的困难会缓解，PBUTs清除材料也会取得进一步的突破，更好地造福于CKD患者。</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>文章引用</title><p>楼昱宽,张苏华. 蛋白结合毒素清除材料的研究进展Research Progress on Protein-Bound Toxin Removal Materials[J]. 比较化学, 2023, 07(04): 33-40. https://doi.org/10.12677/cc.2023.74004</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.84055-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Coresh, J. 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