<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">HJBM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Hans Journal of Biomedicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-8976</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/hjbm.2024.142025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">HJBM-84983</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>hjbm2024142_121530324.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>医药卫生</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶的表达、纯化和一种新型晶体结构的研究
  Expression and Purification of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Study of Novel Crystal Structure 
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>刘</surname><given-names>雪静</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>赵</surname><given-names>文聪</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>高</surname><given-names>欣欣</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>陈</surname><given-names>思旭</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>张</surname><given-names>博涛</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>王</surname><given-names>君帅</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>李</surname><given-names>朝阳</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>温</surname><given-names>一帆</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>高</surname><given-names>靓</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>曹</surname><given-names>鹏</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>北京工业大学化学与生命科学学院，北京</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>null</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院，北京</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>02</issue><fpage>229</fpage><lpage>239</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2的主蛋白酶(Main Protease, M
  <sup>pro</sup>)，也称为3-糜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(3CLpro)，在病毒复制的过程中发挥核心作用。M
  <sup>pro</sup>的结构和功能在
  β-冠状病毒中相对保守，在人体内没有同源蛋白，因此是抗病毒药物开发的关键靶点。本研究完成了SARS-CoV-2 M
  <sup>pro</sup>的原核表达与纯化，获得具有高纯度和高均一性的蛋白质样品。利用气相扩散坐滴法开展了M
  <sup>pro</sup>的结晶筛选，获得单晶体后将其浸泡在由谷胱甘肽包裹的金团簇纳米材料溶液中，成功解析了仅有第156位半胱氨酸结合一个金离子的一个新型X射线衍射晶体结构。结构分析发现，M
  <sup>pro</sup>蛋白的Cys156结合金离子后Asp153~Cys156区域的构象发生了~0.6 &#197;的偏移，推测该构象变化进一步通过变构效应抑制M
  <sup>pro</sup>的生物功能，为新冠病毒的纳米型抑制剂的研发提供了新的信息。
  The main protease (M
  <sup>pro</sup>) of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, also known as 3C-like protease (3CLpro), plays a central role in the virus replication process. The structure and function of M
  <sup>pro</sup> are relatively conserved in 
  β-coronaviruses and there is no homologous protein in human, making it a key target for antiviral drug development. In this study, we successfully completed the prokaryotic expression and purification of SARS-CoV-2 M
  <sup>pro</sup>, obtaining a high-purity and high-homo- geneity protein sample. Crystallization screening of M
  <sup>pro</sup> was carried out using the vapor-diffusion sitting-drop method. After obtaining single crystals, they were soaked in a solution of the nano-materialglutathione-protected Au clusters, resulting in a novel X-ray diffraction crystal structure with only one cysteine at position 156 binding to one Au(I) ion. Structural analysis revealed a ~0.6 &#197; displacement in the conformation of the Asp153~Cys156 region of the M
  <sup>pro</sup> protein upon binding of the Cys156 to the gold ion, suggesting that this conformational change further inhibits the biological function of M
  <sup>pro</sup> through an allosteric effect, providing new information for the development of novel coronavirus inhibitors.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>SARS-CoV-2，M<sup>pro</sup>，金团簇，蛋白质表达与纯化，X射线晶体结构, SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd> M<sup>pro</sup></kwd><kwd> Gold Cluster</kwd><kwd> Protein Expression and Purification</kwd><kwd> X-ray Crystal Structure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>摘要</title><p>新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2的主蛋白酶(Main Protease, M<sup>pro</sup>)，也称为3-糜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(3CLpro)，在病毒复制的过程中发挥核心作用。M<sup>pro</sup>的结构和功能在β-冠状病毒中相对保守，在人体内没有同源蛋白，因此是抗病毒药物开发的关键靶点。本研究完成了SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup>的原核表达与纯化，获得具有高纯度和高均一性的蛋白质样品。利用气相扩散坐滴法开展了M<sup>pro</sup>的结晶筛选，获得单晶体后将其浸泡在由谷胱甘肽包裹的金团簇纳米材料溶液中，成功解析了仅有第156位半胱氨酸结合一个金离子的一个新型X射线衍射晶体结构。结构分析发现，M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白的Cys156结合金离子后Asp153~Cys156区域的构象发生了~0.6 &#197;的偏移，推测该构象变化进一步通过变构效应抑制M<sup>pro</sup>的生物功能，为新冠病毒的纳米型抑制剂的研发提供了新的信息。</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>关键词</title><p>SARS-CoV-2，M<sup>pro</sup>，金团簇，蛋白质表达与纯化，X射线晶体结构</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Expression and Purification of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Study of Novel Crystal Structure <sup> </sup></title><p>Xuejing Liu<sup>1,2</sup>, Wencong Zhao<sup>2</sup>, Xinxin Gao<sup>2</sup>, Sixu Chen<sup>2</sup>, Botao Zhang<sup>2</sup>, Junshuai Wang<sup>2</sup>, Chaoyang Li<sup>2</sup>, Yifan Wen<sup>2</sup>, Liang Gao<sup>2*</sup>, Peng Cao<sup>2*</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing</p><p><sup>2</sup>College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing</p><p>Received: Mar. 12<sup>th</sup>, 2024; accepted: Apr. 11<sup>th</sup>, 2024; published: Apr. 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2024</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>The main protease (M<sup>pro</sup>) of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, also known as 3C-like protease (3CLpro), plays a central role in the virus replication process. The structure and function of M<sup>pro</sup> are relatively conserved in β-coronaviruses and there is no homologous protein in human, making it a key target for antiviral drug development. In this study, we successfully completed the prokaryotic expression and purification of SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup>, obtaining a high-purity and high-homogeneity protein sample. Crystallization screening of M<sup>pro</sup> was carried out using the vapor-diffusion sitting-drop method. After obtaining single crystals, they were soaked in a solution of the nano-materialglutathione-protected Au clusters, resulting in a novel X-ray diffraction crystal structure with only one cysteine at position 156 binding to one Au(I) ion. Structural analysis revealed a ~0.6 &#197; displacement in the conformation of the Asp153~Cys156 region of the M<sup>pro</sup> protein upon binding of the Cys156 to the gold ion, suggesting that this conformational change further inhibits the biological function of M<sup>pro</sup> through an allosteric effect, providing new information for the development of novel coronavirus inhibitors.</p><p>Keywords:SARS-CoV-2, M<sup>pro</sup>, Gold Cluster, Protein Expression and Purification, X-ray Crystal Structure</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.84983-formula3"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/12-1530324x5_hanspub.png?20240423090032529"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/12-1530324x6_hanspub.png?20240423090032529" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/12-1530324x7_hanspub.png?20240423090032529" /></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>1. 引言</title><p>新型冠状病毒于2019年12月首次被发现，国际病毒分类委员会将其命名为SARS-CoV-2，基因组与之前已知的SARS-CoV相似度~82% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref1">1</xref>] 。该病毒感染人体后会引起急性呼吸窘迫综合症、心脏病、多器官衰竭等多种致命性疾病 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref2">2</xref>] 。SARS-CoV-2是一种包膜、单链RNA病毒，属于冠状病毒科 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref3">3</xref>] 。冠状病毒可分为四组，分别用希腊字母α、β、γ和δ表示 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref4">4</xref>] 。除新出现的SARS-CoV-2外，目前有7种冠状病毒能够感染人类，其中HCoV-NL63和HCoV-229E属于α型冠状病毒，HCoV-HKU1、HCoV-OC43、SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2属于β型冠状病毒 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref5">5</xref>] 。与其他人类冠状病毒类似，SARS-CoV-2的基因组有两个开放阅读框，编码两个长链多肽，即pp1a和pp1ab [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref7">7</xref>] 。长链多肽被两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶消化成16个成熟的非结构蛋白(Nsp1-16)，它们分别是Nsp5编码的主蛋白酶(Main protease, M<sup>pro</sup>)和Nsp3编码的类木瓜蛋白酶(Papain-like protease, PLpro) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref8">8</xref>] 。M<sup>pro</sup>的催化导致功能性Nsp4-16的释放，而PLpro的催化导致Nsp1-3的成熟 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref10">10</xref>] 。</p><p>M<sup>pro</sup>又名3-糜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(3CLpro)，在多种冠状病毒中具有较高的保守性，以其作为治疗靶点可有效绕过病毒突变体的免疫逃逸机制。M<sup>pro</sup>在人体内没有同源物，将其作为治疗靶点对人体的危害性低，副作用较小 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref11">11</xref>] 。M<sup>pro</sup>是一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶，识别序列为L-Q↓(S, A, G) (↓为裂解位点)，对冠状病毒的复制不可或缺 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref14">14</xref>] 。X射线晶体结构研究发现M<sup>pro</sup>作为一种稳定的同型二聚体才具有催化活性，两个单体呈直角结合形成心形复合物 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref15">15</xref>] 。每个单体含有三个结构域，N端结构域I (残基10-99)和结构域II (残基100-182)折叠成6个反平行的β桶，C端结构域III (残基198-303)主要有助于蛋白质的二聚化 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref16">16</xref>] 。M<sup>pro</sup>的活性中心位于结构域I和II间的裂谷内，其由多个结合子位点组成，这些子位点可以选择性结合多肽底物 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref17">17</xref>] 。由于病毒对M<sup>pro</sup>的功能高度依赖，同时在人类蛋白酶中没有发现它的同源蛋白，这使M<sup>pro</sup>成为抗病毒药物设计中最重要的靶标之一 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref18">18</xref>] 。</p><p>金团簇是一种介于单个原子或分子和常规纳米金颗粒之间的结构状态 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref19">19</xref>] 。它是由原子或分子通过物理或化学的结合力形成的稳定纳米聚集体，具有明确的分子组成和极小的尺寸 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref20">20</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref21">21</xref>] 。2005年，Tsukuda等人对一系列Au<sub>n</sub>(SG)<sub>m</sub>团簇分子进行了高分辨率电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)分析，确定了团簇分子精确的分子式为Au<sub>25</sub>(SG)<sub>18</sub> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref22">22</xref>] 。金团簇分子通常包含几十个到几百个金原子，尺寸小于2 nm [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref23">23</xref>] 。通过功能性生物分子保护的金团簇表现出极佳的生物相容性和生物医学上的协同效应 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref24">24</xref>] 。这些生物分子包括天然的或人工设计的蛋白质、多肽和核酸分子等 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref25">25</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref26">26</xref>] 。Yen-Chun等人将设计合成的多肽分子包裹在金团簇外，能够结合其在物理化学和生物活性上独特的功能和特性，产生协同效应，具有荧光性质和多肽靶向性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref27">27</xref>] 。2022年，高学云等人化学合成了纳米材料谷胱甘肽包裹的金团簇，通过细胞和动物实验发现该纳米材料可直接抑制SARS-CoV-2病毒的复制，同时还发现金团簇可内在下调NF-κB通路，显著抑制细胞炎症因子的表达 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref28">28</xref>] 。通过X射线晶体结构分析发现，该金团簇主要通过金离子结合关键的催化残基Cys145位点进而抑制M<sup>pro</sup>活性 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref28">28</xref>] 。</p><p>在本研究中，我们首先表达和纯化了具有高纯度和高均一性的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白质样品，通过高通量结晶筛选的方法获得一种晶体生长条件，得到高质量的M<sup>pro</sup>单晶体。利用浸泡法，将谷胱甘肽包裹的金团簇加入到M<sup>pro</sup>晶体生长的池液中浸泡晶体，使金团簇和M<sup>pro</sup>晶体充分相互作用，最终通过X射线晶体结构解析获得了一种高分辨率的新型M<sup>pro</sup>三维结构。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>2. 材料与方法</title><sec id="s6_1"><title>2.1. 实验材料</title><sec id="s6_1_1"><title>2.1.1. 质粒与菌株</title><p>构建在pET28a载体上的SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup>质粒来自无锡佰翱得生物科学股份有限公司；本文中提及的谷胱甘肽包裹的金团簇纳米材料来自北京工业大学化学与生命科学学院的高学云教授馈赠；E. coli BL21 (DE3)感受态细胞购自擎科生物科技有限公司。</p></sec><sec id="s6_1_2"><title>2.1.2. 主要试剂</title><p>蛋白预染Marker (TSP021)来自擎科生物科技有限公司；快速蛋白凝胶试剂盒来自深圳达科为生物技术股份有限公司；晶体初筛试剂盒来自Qiagen/Hampton Research/Rigaku公司；镍亲和胶Ni<sup>+</sup>-Chelating Sepharose™ Fast Flow来自GE-Healthcare公司。</p></sec><sec id="s6_1_3"><title>2.1.3. 主要仪器</title><p>恒温生化培养箱来自上海一恒科技有限公司；高压蒸汽灭菌锅来自ZEALWAY；Superdex200凝胶层析柱(Superdex200 Increase 10/300 GL)来自GE-Healthcare公司；核酸电泳仪来自北京六一仪器厂；摇床来自上海知楚仪器有限公司；大容量低速冷冻离心机来自上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司；高速冷冻离心机来自日立公司；低温超高压细胞破碎仪来自广州聚能生物科技有限公司；AKTA-FPLC蛋白纯化系统来自GE-Healthcare公司；蛋白电泳仪和凝胶成像仪来自BIO-RAD公司；亲和低压层析柱来自大连竞迈生物科技有限公司。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s6_2"><title>2.2. 方法</title><sec id="s6_2_1"><title>2.2.1. M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白的表达与纯化</title><p>将带有M<sup>pro</sup>基因的pET28a载体的质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)感受态细胞中，涂布至加入卡那霉素的LB固体培养基平板中，37℃培养12~16 hr。培养完成后，随机挑取3~5个单菌落进行测序鉴定。挑选测序正确的单克隆菌落转移到100 mL加入卡那霉素的LB液体培养基中，在37℃，220 rpm/min恒温摇床中培养16~18 hr。之后取10 mL菌液接种到1 L的LB液体培养基中，37℃，180 rpm/min振荡培养，待菌液吸光度OD<sub>600</sub>值达到0.6左右，将培养温度调至16℃并加入0.2 mM IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-Thiogalactoside，异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷)诱导大肠杆菌表达目的蛋白，继续振荡培养16~18 hr。</p><p>离心沉淀的菌体用悬菌缓冲液(20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0，20 mM咪唑，500 mM NaCl)悬起。随后使用高压破碎仪破碎菌体，利用镍亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白，具体操作如下：使用漂洗缓冲液(20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0，300 mM NaCl，50 mM咪唑)进行漂洗，去除杂蛋白；使用洗脱缓冲液(20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0，300 mM NaCl，300 mM咪唑)将目的蛋白从柱子上洗脱下来。向洗脱的蛋白溶液加入TEV (Tobacco Etch Virus，烟草蚀纹病毒)酶，添加比例约为15:1 (蛋白与TEV酶的摩尔比)，在组分为20 mM Tris-HCl pH8.0，100 mM NaCl，1 mM DTT (Dithiothreitol，二硫苏糖醇)溶液中4℃条件下过夜透析，以切除目的蛋白上的His标签。透析后的样品反挂镍柱进一步纯化，具体操作如下：用反挂缓冲液(20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0，300 mM NaCl，50 mM咪唑)平衡柱子，把透析后无His标签的样品中NaCl、咪唑浓度调节到与反挂缓冲液相同，利用镍亲和层析柱去掉样品溶液中含有His标签的TEV酶和未被酶切的目的蛋白。将流穿样品浓缩到500 μL，用Superdex 200 10/300分子筛进行纯化(缓冲液为20 mM Tris-HCl pH7.5，150 mM NaCl，1 mM DTT)。将M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白样品浓缩到10 mg/mL，速冻后于−80℃条件下保存，利用SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定蛋白表达与纯化的结果。</p></sec><sec id="s6_2_2"><title>2.2.2. 晶体生长</title><p>利用坐滴扩散法，使用PEG/Ion、PEGRx、Classics、Screen、Index、Natrix、SaltRx等晶体筛选试剂盒进行结晶条件的筛选。最终在PEG/Ion试剂盒的1号条件(0.2 M NaF, 20% PEG3350, pH 7.3)下生长出了晶体。但是初筛获得的晶体体积较小，不符合X射线衍射标准，因此对该条件进行了一定程度上的优化，包括浓度和pH的微调，最终优化获得适合X射线衍射的单晶体。</p><p>将金团簇浓缩至浓度为100 mM，使用添加了1 mM TCEP的蛋白结晶池液稀释金团簇至10 mM。添加TCEP的目的是为了防止蛋白晶体氧化。将M<sup>pro</sup>晶体浸泡在含有金团簇的结晶池液中24 hr，使金团簇和晶体中的蛋白质分子充分互作。</p></sec><sec id="s6_2_3"><title>2.2.3. 蛋白质晶体结构解析</title><p>M<sup>pro</sup>晶体送至上海同步辐射光源的BL02U1线站进行X射线衍射数据收集，波长为0.98 &#197;。线站提供的XDS软件自动完成衍射图像的处理，获得最终的衍射数据 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref29">29</xref>] 。使用CCP4软件的Phaser进行分子置换获得初始相位信息，初始模型为PDB库(https://www.rcsb.org/)中PDB号为7LKE的结构 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref30">30</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref31">31</xref>] 。使用COOT软件进行模型搭建，使用Phenix和Refmac对结构模型进行精细化修正 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref32">32</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref33">33</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref34">34</xref>] 。使用CCP4中的CAD和FFT计算反常散射密度。使用Pymol软件(https://www.pymol.org/)展示三维结构模型和完成结构比较。</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="s7"><title>3. 结果与讨论</title><sec id="s7_1"><title>3.1. M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白表达和纯化</title><sec id="s7_1_1"><title>3.1.1. M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白的原核表达和亲和纯化结果</title><p>通过蛋白质分子量计算网站(https://web.expasy.org/)计算得到M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白的分子量为33.8 kDa。N端带有His标签的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白从表达、亲和纯化、酶切到反挂镍柱的SDS-PAGE电泳结果如图1所示。从诱导后、破菌后上清液和300 mM咪唑洗脱样品的电泳结果中，我们可以清晰地观察到目的条带位于35~45 kDa之间，说明M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白在大肠杆菌中已被成功表达并被初步纯化。TEV酶切后的目的条带位置轻微下移，说明N端的His标签被有效酶切，获得无标签的具有较高纯度的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白质样品。在反挂镍柱后样品的电泳结果中没有出现TEV酶条带，说明带有亲和标签的TEV酶已被成功去除。</p><p>图1. M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白表达和亲和纯化的SDS-PAGE电泳实验结果图</p></sec><sec id="s7_1_2"><title>3.1.2. M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白的凝胶过滤层析纯化结果</title><p>亲和纯化后的样品仍含有少量杂蛋白，如图1所示，因此采用了凝胶过滤层析对样品进一步分离纯化。图2展示了M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白凝胶过滤层析的纯化结果，曲线显示了280 nm波长下紫外吸收值的变化，当液体流过15 mL时，紫外值陡增，此时开始收集样品。液体流过17 mL时紫外值下降到接近基线的位置，此时停止接样。该峰均匀平滑，峰形对称且峰值较高(2200 mAU)，峰尖位置为16.5 mL。对收集的样品进行了SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定，结果显示只有一条目的蛋白的条带，说明已获得了具有高纯度和高均一性的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白质样品。</p><p>图2. M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白凝胶过滤层析纯化结果图。(a) 凝胶过滤层析纯化的紫外吸收值曲线图；(b) 凝胶过滤层析纯化SDS-PAGE电泳实验结果图</p></sec></sec><sec id="s7_2"><title>3.2. 晶体生长和结构解析</title><p>图3. M<sup>pro</sup>的晶体照片(a)；及衍射图像(b)</p><p>我们获得的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白高质量单晶体的结晶条件为：池液条件为0.2 M NaF，17.5% PEG3350，pH7.3。晶体生长时将0.7 μL池液与0.4 μL 6 mg/mL的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白质样品进行混合，4℃恒温恒湿培养三天。单晶体的照片如图3(a)所示，具有一定的厚度，形状规则，大小合适。在浸泡金团簇纳米材料溶液24 hr之后，晶体外观无明显变化，也无碎裂情况发生，符合X射线衍射的要求。在上海同步辐射光源开展X射线衍射数据收集时，波长为0.98 &#197;，回摆角为1˚，共收集了360˚，获得360张衍射图片(代表性图片如图3(b)所示)。衍射图片经处理后的晶体学参数为：空间群为C2，晶胞参数为a = 113.9 &#197;，b = 54.1 &#197;，c = 44.8 &#197;，α = 90˚，β = 101.3˚，γ = 90˚，衍射分辨率为1.87 &#197;，完整度为97.6%。</p><p>经过一系列的计算，包括初始相位解析、模型搭建和结构精修等，获得最终的M<sup>pro</sup>三维结构。结构分析发现，该晶体中一个不对称单元含有1个M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白质分子，其中只有Cys156一个位点结合了一个金离子，其单体结构如图4(a)所示。因为M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白以同型二聚体的形式发挥催化功能，所以我们利用Pymol软件显示出晶体的另外一个对称单位的M<sup>pro</sup>分子，以展现出其二聚体的形式(图4(b))。</p><p>图4. 晶体结构图。(a) M<sup>pro</sup>结合金离子的单体结构；(b) 同型二聚体结构</p></sec><sec id="s7_3"><title>3.3. 结构分析与讨论</title><p>图5. M<sup>pro</sup>晶体的反常散射电子密度图：a) 第156位点，橘色网状部分(4.0 σ)为反常散射电子密度；b) 第145位点</p><p>因为晶体中的金离子会有明显的反常散射信号，所以通过对衍射数据的反常散射密度图获知金离子的位置。我们发现第156位点Cys附近有明显的反常散射密度(图5(a))，明确说明M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白第156位点上的半胱氨酸结合了一个金离子。相比较而言，第145位点半胱氨酸无任何反常散射信号(图5(b))，说明第145位点的半胱氨酸并无金离子结合。由于Cys156仅结合了一个金离子并无其他配体，说明金团簇与M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白相互作用时，可以释放金离子，通过金离子与半胱氨酸位点结合。晶体结构分析表明，第156位点结合金离子的M<sup>pro</sup>分子具备了无配体母体的大部分结构特征 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref35">35</xref>] 。金离子的反常散射密度与Cys156的硫醇基团非常接近，这证实金团簇释放的金离子可以与Cys156的硫原子进行共价结合，形成Au-S键，距离为2.3 &#197;。在之前的一篇文献报道中，来源于细粒棘球绦虫的硫氧还蛋白谷胱甘肽还原酶与溶液中的纳米材料Au-MPO (pyridine-2-thiolN-oxide，吡啶-2-硫醇-N-氧化物)络合物互作时，也是通过Cys519和Cys573位残基的硫原子与释放的金离子共价结合并且其活性受到抑制 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref36">36</xref>] 。我们的研究结果也进一步说明纳米金团簇可以通过金离子的逐步释放与蛋白质上的半胱氨酸进行不可逆的共价结合，进而抑制蛋白质的酶活性质。</p><p>将我们的结构与PDB库中在Cys145和Cys156两个位点都结合金离子的M<sup>pro</sup>结构(PDB号：7DAU)进行比较分析 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref28">28</xref>] 。二者的均方根偏差(Root mean square deviation, RMSD)为0.205 &#197;，说明两个结构具有高度的相似性。该文献利用密度泛函理论方法计算了两个金离子与M<sup>pro</sup>之间的相互作用能：金离子与Cys145之间的键离解能为~46.1 kcal/mol，而与Cys156为~26.5 kcal/mol [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref28">28</xref>] 。虚拟计算分析发现Cys145拥有比Cys156更高的解离能，因此推测金离子与Cys145的共价结合能力比Cys156更强 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref28">28</xref>] 。但是，重原子反常散射密度分析结果显示在我们的结构中Cys145并未结合金离子，仅有Cys156一个位点结合一个金离子，说明在真实的环境下M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白质与金团簇相互作用的过程中，Cys156比Cys145实际上拥有更强的金离子结合能力。此外，除Cys156和Cys145位点外，M<sup>pro</sup>还含有10个半胱氨酸残基，通过重原子反常散射密度分析均未发现金离子的结合，分别是Cys16、Cys22、Cys38、Cys44、Cys85、Cys117、Cys128、Cys160、Cys265、Cys300，因此我们推测Cys156是纳米材料所释放的金离子的首选结合位点。</p><p>将我们解析的结构与之前未结合配体的M<sup>pro</sup>母体结构(PDB号：7LKE) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.84983-ref30">30</xref>] 进行叠合比较分析(图6(a))，发现二者的RMSD为0.277 &#197;。虽然两个蛋白结构有较高的相似性，但是在金离子结合位点附近的Asp153、Tyr154、Asp155、Cys156残基所构成的无规卷曲区域向更靠近金离子的方向发生了~0.6 &#197;的偏移(图6(b))。因此我们推测，由于金离子与Cys156形成了共价键作用力，造成位点附近的区域向更靠近金离子的方向发生了一定的偏移，同时该变化可能影响了整个M<sup>pro</sup>的构象，进而抑制蛋白质对底物的酶切效率。</p><p>图6. M<sup>pro</sup>晶体结构与无配体结合结构的对比结果。(a) 整体结构对比图；(b) 结合位点的局部放大图</p></sec></sec><sec id="s8"><title>4. 结论</title><p>本研究首先将SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup>的pET28a表达质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)表达菌，通过IPTG诱导表达获得大量M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白。通过镍柱亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析，获得了具有高纯度和高均一性的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白。通过高通量晶体筛选以及X射线晶体衍射分析，成功获得晶体被谷胱甘肽包裹的金团簇浸泡24 hr后的1.87 &#197;高分辨率三维结构。结构分析表明，金团簇纳米材料可以通过释放金离子与M<sup>pro</sup>相互作用。在我们的结构中金离子仅与Cys156残基这一个位点发生共价结合，而未结合Cys145等其他11个半胱氨酸残基，说明Cys156是金团簇所释放的金离子的首选结合位点。与没有结合配体的M<sup>pro</sup>晶体结构相比，金离子结合位点处附近由Asp153~Cys156构成的无规卷曲的构象向更靠近金离子的方向发生了~0.6 &#197;的偏移，推测该构象变化通过变构效应进一步抑制M<sup>pro</sup>的酶活反应发生。总之，本研究所报道的晶体结构提供了一种新型的M<sup>pro</sup>蛋白与金团簇的互作方式，可为冠状病毒纳米分子型抑制剂的设计提供重要信息。</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>致谢</title><p>感谢上海同步辐射光源BL02U1线站的工作人员为收集X射线晶体数据提供技术支持。</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>基金项目</title><p>国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(22122401)，北京市教委–市基金联合资助项目(KZ202210005001)。</p></sec><sec id="s11"><title>文章引用</title><p>刘雪静,赵文聪,高欣欣,陈思旭,张博涛,王君帅,李朝阳,温一帆,高 靓,曹 鹏. SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶的表达、纯化和一种新型晶体结构的研究Expression and Purification of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Study of Novel Crystal Structure [J]. 生物医学, 2024, 14(02): 229-239. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjbm.2024.142025</p></sec><sec id="s12"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.84983-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.D., Liu, M.Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.R., Wang, X., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu, L.L., Yan, B., Zhan, F.X., Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F. and Shi, Z.L. 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